Sinamiids (Holostei, Amiiformes) from the Early Cretaceous Dalazi Formation, Jilin Province, China: systematic revision and new species

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.261023

Abstract

Abstract:

Sinamiidae is an East Asian endemic lineage within the Amiiformes, a holostean group represented by extant bowfin Amia calva. The taxonomic status of Sinamia luozigouensis, a species from northeastern China, has long been questioned due to the lack of preserved cephalic characters in previously known materials, hindering our understanding of sinamiid evolution as a whole. Based on newly collected, well-preserved specimens from the type locality (Dalazi Formation, Luozigou Basin, Jilin Province), we redescribe S. luozigouensis and report a co-occurring taxon from the same assemblage, which we describe as a new species, Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that S. luozigouensis is the earliest-diverging member of Sinamia, whereas Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. is the sister group to Sinamia liaoningensis. This study clarifies the taxonomic composition of the family Sinamiidae and broadens our understanding of sinamiid evolutionary history.

Key words: Luozigou Basin, Yanji, Jilin Province, Early Cretaceous, Dalazi Formation, Sinamiidae

摘要：

中华弓鳍鱼科(Sinamiidae)是弓鳍鱼目(Amiiformes)一个东亚特有的演化支系。由于此前已知标本缺乏保存完好的头部特征，产自中国东北地区的罗子沟中华弓鳍鱼(Sinamia luozigouensis)的分类学地位长期存在争议，阻碍了对整个中华弓鳍鱼类演化历史的全面理解。基于在模式产地(吉林省罗子沟盆地大砬子组)最新采集到的保存完好的标本，对罗子沟中华弓鳍鱼进行了重新描述，并报道了来自同一组合的伴生种类，将其描述为一新种：弥曼中华弓鳍鱼(Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov.)。系统发育分析表明，罗子沟中华弓鳍鱼是中华弓鳍鱼属(Sinamia)中最早分化的成员，而弥曼中华弓鳍鱼则是辽宁中华弓鳍鱼(Sinamia liaoningensis)的姐妹群。厘清了该地区中华弓鳍鱼科的分类学组成，并拓宽了对中华弓鳍鱼类演化历史的认识。

关键词: 吉林延吉罗子沟盆地, 早白垩世, 大砬子组, 中华弓鳍鱼

CLC Number:

Q915.862

LIU Juan, ZHANG Jiang-Yong. Sinamiids (Holostei, Amiiformes) from the Early Cretaceous Dalazi Formation, Jilin Province, China: systematic revision and new species. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2026, 64(4): 348-371.

刘娟, 张江永. 2026, 64(4): 348-371, 吉林早白垩世大砬子组中华弓鳍鱼类：系统修订与新种. 古脊椎动物学报.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Type and newly collected specimens of Sinamia luozigouensis Li, 1984 A. type specimen IVPP V6766.1a, a fish in right lateral view; B. type specimen V6766.2a, a fish in left lateral view missing skull roof, snout, and suspensorium; C. newly collected specimen IVPP V34866, a nearly complete fish in right lateral view Abbreviations: AF. anal fin; CF. caudal fin; D. dorsal fin; P. pectoral fin; V. pelvic fin. Scale bars equal 50 mm

Table 1 Meristic and morphometric comparisons of Sinamia luozigouensis and S. meemanniana sp. nov.

Taxon	D	A	P	V	C	CS	PT	MT	DT	BD/SL	PDL/SL	PVL/SL	PAL/SL	CPD/CPL
S. luozigouensis	25-27	7	11-13	6-7	14-15	24	16	33	19	0.19-0.20	0.42-0.48	0.57-0.61	0.76-0.79	0.64-0.65
S. meemanniana	23	6	12	7	14	18	10	22	16	0.22	0.50	0.55	0.76	0.70

Fig. 2 Photograph (A) and interpretive illustration (B) of skull of Sinamia luozigouensis Li, 1984 (IVPP V34866) from Dalazi Formation, Luozigou Basin, Wangqing, Jilin Abbreviations: ag. angular; ao. antorbital; ar. articular; arp. ascending process of the parasphenoid; bop. branchiopercle; br. branchiostegal rays; cl. cleithrum; d. dentary; dpt. dermopterotic; dsp. dermosphenotic; ect. ectopterygoid; enp. endopterygoid; es. extrascapular; fr. frontal; g. gular; hyo. hyomandibular; iop. interopercle; l. lacrimal; L. left; max. maxilla; mpt. metapterygoid; n. nasal; op. opercle; ors. orbitosphenoid; pal. palatine; par. parietal; pcl1. postcleithrum 1; pcl2. postcleithrum 2; pmx. premaxilla; po. postorbital; pop. preopercle; pt. posttemporal; q. quadrate; ra. retroarticular; ro. rostral; s. scale; scl. supracleithrum; smx. supramaxilla; so. suborbital; sop. subopercle; ?. uncertain identification. Scale bar equals 10 mm

Fig. 3 Scales of Sinamia luozigouensis Li, 1984 (A) and Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. (B) Both A (IVPP V34866) and B (V34867) were photographed at dorsal margin of the fish, along their dorsal fin base. Both have thick, ganoid scales. The oval to circle shaped scales in A denoted by white arrows are not seen in the new species. Scale bars equal 10 mm

Fig. 4 Holotype of Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. (IVPP V34867a, b) from Dalazi Formation of Luozigou Basin, Wangqing, Jilin A. overview of V34867b; B. caudal peduncle of V34867b; C. specimen V34867a Scale bar(s) in A and C equal 50 mm; in B equals 10 mm

Fig. 5 Photograph (A) and interpretive illustration (B) of skull of Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. (holotype IVPP V34867a) from Dalazi Formation of Luozigou Basin, Wangqing, Jilin Abbreviations: ag. angular; ao. antorbital; ar. articular; bop. branchiopercle; br. branchiostegal rays; cl. cleithrum; d. dentary; dpt. dermopterotic; dsp. dermosphenotic; ect. ectopterygoid; ent. endopterygoid; es. extrascapular; fr. frontal; hyo. hyomandibular; iop. interopercle; l. lacrimal; L. left; le. lateral ethmoid; max. maxilla; mpt. metapterygoid; n. nasal; op. opercle; pal. dermopalatine; par. parietal; pcl1. postcleithrum 1; pcl2. postcleithrum 2; pmx. premaxilla; po. postorbital; pop. preopercle; pt. posttemporal; q. quadrate; ra. retroarticular; ro. rostral; s. scale; sag. supraangular; scl. supracleithrum; smx. supramaxilla; so. suborbital; sop. subopercle; spo. sphenoid; ?. uncertain identification. Scale bar equals 10 mm

Fig. 6 Majority-rule consensus tree of eight most parsimonious tree from a branch-and-bound search in PAUP 4.0a169 Tree length 61; CI 0.56; RI 0.56. Sinamia luozigouensis Li, 1984 is resolved as the earliest-diverging lineage of Sinamia, whereas Sinamia meemanniana sp. nov. is consistently resolved as the sister group to S. liaoningensis Zhang, 2012. Numbers at nodes indicate the percentage of most parsimonious trees retaining that node. Abbreviations: I. Ikechaoamia; S. Sinamia

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