Vertebrata Palasiatica ›› 2022, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (2): 134-168.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220413
TONG Hao-Wen1,2,3(), ZHANG Bei4, CHEN Xi5, WANG Xiao-Min6
Received:
2021-09-13
Online:
2022-04-20
Published:
2022-05-07
Contact:
* tonghaowen@ivpp.ac.cn通讯作者:
* tonghaowen@ivpp.ac.cn基金资助:
CLC Number:
TONG Hao-Wen, ZHANG Bei, CHEN Xi, WANG Xiao-Min. New fossils of small and medium-sized bovids from the Early Site of Shanshenmiaozui in Nihewan Basin, North China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2022, 60(2): 134-168.
同号文, 张贝, 陈曦, 王晓敏. 2022, 60(2): 134-168, 泥河湾盆地山神庙咀遗址早更新世中-小型牛科动物化石新材料. 古脊椎动物学报.
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URL: https://www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220413
Fig. 1 Location of Shanshenmiaozui (SSMZ) site, with distributional map of living antelopes and related fossil forms of the Pleistocene Epoch in China Data for the extant taxa are from Jiang (2004), Smith and Xie (2008). Fossil localities: 1. Xiashagou of Nihewan; 2. Yushe; 3. Dongdoubi of Yuxian; 4. Jinyuan Cave; 5. Zhoukoudian Loc.1;6. Xujiayao; 7. Mashandong; 8. Salawusu; 9. Xifeng of Qingyang; 10. Loufangzi; 11. Jinniushan;12. Miaohoushan; 13. Haimao of Dalian; 14. Gulongshan; 15. Xiaogushan; 16. Chicheng; 17. Dingcun;18. Xihoudu; 19. Tianshuigou of Dali; 20. Wenxi; 21. Pinglu; 22. Danangou of Yuxian; 23. Bajiazui;24. Gonghe; 25. Yangguo; 26. Tuozidong; 27. Tunliu; 28. Banpo; 29. Linyi; 30. Yuanmou; 31. Heshui;32. Xingtai; 33. Xiaochangcun; 34. Wuwang of Linyi; 35. Gengjiagou; 36. Luhuo; 37. Zhoukoudian Loc.15;38. Upper Cave; 39. Guxiangtun; 40. Zhoujiayoufang; 41. Dali Man site; 42. Aba; 43. Chifeng;44. Rouyuan; 45. Yanjiagang; 46. Yuhongcun of Dali; 47. Lingjing
Materials | Field No. | Catalog No. (IVPP) | Context information |
---|---|---|---|
Spirocerus wongi | |||
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-07-122 | V 28650 | E4-8 |
Juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1 | N-06-135 | V 28651 | E13-5 |
Left mandible with dp2-m1 | N-06-167 | V 28652.1 | E14-4 |
Partial right mandible with dp2-m1 | N-06-178 | V 28652.2 | E14-4 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-16-046 | V 28653 | I20-12 |
Left Mc III+IV | N-11-209 | V 28655 | H20-9 |
Right naviculo-cuboid | N-11-042-2 | V 28656.1 | G21-7 |
The fused 2nd+3rd tarsals | N-11-042-3 | V 28656.2 | H20-9 |
The 1st tarsal | N-11-042-4 | V 28656.3 | G21-7 |
Right Mt III+IV | N-11-042-1 | V 28656.4 | G21-7 |
Gazella sinensis | |||
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-11-273 | V 28657 | H22-9 |
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-06-128 | V 28658 | E14-2 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-06-237A | V 28659.1 | D10-6 |
Right horn-core | N-06-237B | V 28659.2 | D10-6 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-06-166 | V 28660 | E14-4 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-08-04 (02) | V 28661 | H15-2? |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-08-037 | V 28662 | H16-3 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-08-078 | V 28663 | G15-6 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-16-029 | V 28664 | I20-10 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-17-050 | V 28665 | J15-13 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-17-052 | V 28666 | J16-13 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-17-064 | V 28667 | I16-13 |
Left horn-core | N-07-60 | V 28668 | E16-11 |
Left horn-core | N-17-067 | V 28669 | J16-14 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-18-75 | V 28670 | I11-13 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-18-85 | V 28671 | I12-13 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-18-168 | V 28672 | K13-17 |
Partial maxilla with P3-M1 | 2007.9.1 | V 28673 | F19-1 |
Partial maxilla with M1-3 | N-17-176 | V 28674 | K16-17 |
Partial right mandible with p2-m3 | N-06-220 | V 28675 | E12-5 |
Partial left mandible with p2-p3, m1-3 | N-06-222 | V 28676 | D12-5 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-08-048 | V 28677 | H15-4 |
Partial left mandible with p4-m3 | N-08-068 | V 28678 | H16-4 |
Partial right mandible with p3-m3 | N-08-067 | V 28679 | H16-4 |
Partial left mandible with p2-m3 | N-08-069 | V 28680 | H15-5 |
Partial right mandible with p2, p4-m3 | N-11-250-1 | V 28681.1 | F20-9 |
Partial left mandible with p2-m3 | N-11-250-2 | V 28681.2 | F20-9 |
Left mandible with p3-m3 | N-16-086 | V 28682 | K23-13 |
Partial left mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-081 | V 28683 | I16-14 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-162 | V 28684 | K16-17 |
Left mandible with dp2-4, m1-2 | N-17-164-g | V 28685.1 | K16-17 |
Right mandible with dp2-4, m1-2 | N-17-164-d | V 28685.2 | K16-17 |
Partial mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-177 | V 28686 | K16-17 |
Left humerus (distal) | N-11-174 | V 28687 | F20-9 |
Left Mc III+IV | N-15-050 | V 28688 | H30-3 |
3rd phalanx | N-15-028 | V 28689 | G29-4 |
Left naviculo-cuboid | N-15-125 | V 28690 | H30-6 |
Distal part of left tibia | N-15-246 | V 28691 | F30-3 |
Left astragalus | N-15-244 | V 28692 | G29-3 |
Materials | Field No. | Catalog No. (IVPP) | Context information |
Ovis shantungensis | |||
Partial maxilla with left DP4-M1, right DP2-M1 | N-07-069-A+B | V 28693 | F17-1 |
Nearly complete left Mc III+IV | N-11-179 | V 28694 | H23-9 |
Megalovis piveteaui | |||
Left radius | N-16-051 | V 28654 | I20-12 |
Right Mc III+IV | N-17-017 | V 28695 | I17-10 |
Table 1 Studied fossil specimens of small to medium-sized bovids newly unearthed from SSMZ
Materials | Field No. | Catalog No. (IVPP) | Context information |
---|---|---|---|
Spirocerus wongi | |||
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-07-122 | V 28650 | E4-8 |
Juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1 | N-06-135 | V 28651 | E13-5 |
Left mandible with dp2-m1 | N-06-167 | V 28652.1 | E14-4 |
Partial right mandible with dp2-m1 | N-06-178 | V 28652.2 | E14-4 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-16-046 | V 28653 | I20-12 |
Left Mc III+IV | N-11-209 | V 28655 | H20-9 |
Right naviculo-cuboid | N-11-042-2 | V 28656.1 | G21-7 |
The fused 2nd+3rd tarsals | N-11-042-3 | V 28656.2 | H20-9 |
The 1st tarsal | N-11-042-4 | V 28656.3 | G21-7 |
Right Mt III+IV | N-11-042-1 | V 28656.4 | G21-7 |
Gazella sinensis | |||
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-11-273 | V 28657 | H22-9 |
Partial skull with horn-cores | N-06-128 | V 28658 | E14-2 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-06-237A | V 28659.1 | D10-6 |
Right horn-core | N-06-237B | V 28659.2 | D10-6 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-06-166 | V 28660 | E14-4 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-08-04 (02) | V 28661 | H15-2? |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-08-037 | V 28662 | H16-3 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-08-078 | V 28663 | G15-6 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-16-029 | V 28664 | I20-10 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-17-050 | V 28665 | J15-13 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-17-052 | V 28666 | J16-13 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-17-064 | V 28667 | I16-13 |
Left horn-core | N-07-60 | V 28668 | E16-11 |
Left horn-core | N-17-067 | V 28669 | J16-14 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-18-75 | V 28670 | I11-13 |
Partial skull with right horn-core | N-18-85 | V 28671 | I12-13 |
Partial skull with left horn-core | N-18-168 | V 28672 | K13-17 |
Partial maxilla with P3-M1 | 2007.9.1 | V 28673 | F19-1 |
Partial maxilla with M1-3 | N-17-176 | V 28674 | K16-17 |
Partial right mandible with p2-m3 | N-06-220 | V 28675 | E12-5 |
Partial left mandible with p2-p3, m1-3 | N-06-222 | V 28676 | D12-5 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-08-048 | V 28677 | H15-4 |
Partial left mandible with p4-m3 | N-08-068 | V 28678 | H16-4 |
Partial right mandible with p3-m3 | N-08-067 | V 28679 | H16-4 |
Partial left mandible with p2-m3 | N-08-069 | V 28680 | H15-5 |
Partial right mandible with p2, p4-m3 | N-11-250-1 | V 28681.1 | F20-9 |
Partial left mandible with p2-m3 | N-11-250-2 | V 28681.2 | F20-9 |
Left mandible with p3-m3 | N-16-086 | V 28682 | K23-13 |
Partial left mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-081 | V 28683 | I16-14 |
Partial right mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-162 | V 28684 | K16-17 |
Left mandible with dp2-4, m1-2 | N-17-164-g | V 28685.1 | K16-17 |
Right mandible with dp2-4, m1-2 | N-17-164-d | V 28685.2 | K16-17 |
Partial mandible with p4-m3 | N-17-177 | V 28686 | K16-17 |
Left humerus (distal) | N-11-174 | V 28687 | F20-9 |
Left Mc III+IV | N-15-050 | V 28688 | H30-3 |
3rd phalanx | N-15-028 | V 28689 | G29-4 |
Left naviculo-cuboid | N-15-125 | V 28690 | H30-6 |
Distal part of left tibia | N-15-246 | V 28691 | F30-3 |
Left astragalus | N-15-244 | V 28692 | G29-3 |
Materials | Field No. | Catalog No. (IVPP) | Context information |
Ovis shantungensis | |||
Partial maxilla with left DP4-M1, right DP2-M1 | N-07-069-A+B | V 28693 | F17-1 |
Nearly complete left Mc III+IV | N-11-179 | V 28694 | H23-9 |
Megalovis piveteaui | |||
Left radius | N-16-051 | V 28654 | I20-12 |
Right Mc III+IV | N-17-017 | V 28695 | I17-10 |
Fig. 2 Partial skulls, jaw bones and teeth of Spirocerus wongi (A-D) and Ovis shantungensis (E) from SSMZ A-D. Spirocerus wongi: A. partial skull with horn-cores (IVPP V 28650), B1-B3. juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1 (V 28651), C1-C4. left mandible with dp2-m1 (V 28652.1), D1-D4. partial right mandible with p4-m3 (V 28653); E1-E2. Ovis shantungensis, maxilla with left DP4-M1 and right DP2-4 and M1 (V 28693) A. anterior view; B1, E1. palatal views; B2, C1, D1, E2. buccal views; C2, D2. lingual views;B3, C3-4, D3-4. occlusal views. The unmarked scale bars equal 20 mm
Fig. 3 CT scan images and 3-D reconstructions of the horn-core of Spirocerus wongi from SSMZ (IVPP V 28650) A1-A2. CT scan images showing the general canal system (A1) and a longitudinal slice (A2);C1-C5. CT scan slices showing the changes of cross sections and the canal system at different levels;B1-B4. CT image reconstruction of the right horn-core in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3) and medial (B4) views
Dimensions | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. peii | S. kiakhtensis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This paper | Teilhard and Piveteau ( | Bai et al. ( | Young ( | Dong et al. ( | |
Total length | 283 | 290 | 264.3-353.8 (288.8)& | 270 | 151-160. 9# |
Diameter of horn-core base (APD) | 64.0-64.2 | 57-60 | 51.6-80.2 | 55 | 35.9# |
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD) | 49.3-51.4 | 43.5-54.5 | |||
Angle of divergence of horn-cores | 50° | 57°* | about 70° | 50°# | |
Cranial width at the horn bases | 149.0 | 144* | 134.1 | ||
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes | 65.6 | 100* | 51.7 | 64.2# | |
Distance between the supraorbital foramina (upper margin) | 86.7 | 68.5* | 63.2 |
Table 2 Measurements of the horn-cores of Spirocerus wongi, compared with related species (mm)
Dimensions | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. peii | S. kiakhtensis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This paper | Teilhard and Piveteau ( | Bai et al. ( | Young ( | Dong et al. ( | |
Total length | 283 | 290 | 264.3-353.8 (288.8)& | 270 | 151-160. 9# |
Diameter of horn-core base (APD) | 64.0-64.2 | 57-60 | 51.6-80.2 | 55 | 35.9# |
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD) | 49.3-51.4 | 43.5-54.5 | |||
Angle of divergence of horn-cores | 50° | 57°* | about 70° | 50°# | |
Cranial width at the horn bases | 149.0 | 144* | 134.1 | ||
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes | 65.6 | 100* | 51.7 | 64.2# | |
Distance between the supraorbital foramina (upper margin) | 86.7 | 68.5* | 63.2 |
Species | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. peii | S. kiakhtensis | S. kiakhtensis | Ovis shantungensis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources | This paper | Teilhard & Piveteau ( | Bai et al. ( | Young ( | Boule et al. ( | Dong et al. ( | This paper | |
DP2 | L | 14.2-14.5 | 13 | 10.5 | 9.5 | |||
W | 10-10.2 | 8 | 7.7 | 7.4 | ||||
DP3 | L | 19.9-20.3 | 19-23 | 12.5 | 14.8 | |||
W | 13.6-14.2 | 10-12 | 11.1 | 12.8 | ||||
DP4 | L | 23.5-23.7 | 22-24 | 16.5 | 18.0-18.5 | |||
W | 16.8-18.1 | 12 | 13.6 | 15.1-15.5 | ||||
DP2-4 | L | 56.2-57.4 | 52 | 39.4 | 41.9 | |||
M1 | L | 26.6-26.7 | 19? | 19.5-24.9 | 24.0-24.3 | |||
W | 15.3 | 15? | 18.2-23.9? | 15.7-15.8 | ||||
dp2 | L | 10.5-10.8 | ||||||
W | 6.6-6.7 | |||||||
dp3 | L | 16.4-16.6 | ||||||
W | 9.2 | |||||||
dp4 | L | 28.2-28.5 | ||||||
W | 11.3-11.6 | |||||||
p4 | L | 13.6 | 13-15 | 17.1 | 12 | 15 | ||
W | 8.4 | 9 | 8.3 | 9 | 9 | |||
m1 | L | 17.9 | 13-20 | 17.2 | 15 | 25? | ||
W | 12.3 | 11-14 | 10.7 | 11 | 11 | |||
m2 | L | 23.2 | 21-26 | 21.6 | 21 | 26 | ||
W | 12.6 | 12-13 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 13 | |||
m3 | L | 32.2 | 32 | 30.2 | 32 | |||
W | 11.7 | 11-13 | 10.1 | 12 |
Table 3 Measurements of the teeth of Spirocerus wongi, compared with related species (mm)
Species | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. wongi | S. peii | S. kiakhtensis | S. kiakhtensis | Ovis shantungensis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources | This paper | Teilhard & Piveteau ( | Bai et al. ( | Young ( | Boule et al. ( | Dong et al. ( | This paper | |
DP2 | L | 14.2-14.5 | 13 | 10.5 | 9.5 | |||
W | 10-10.2 | 8 | 7.7 | 7.4 | ||||
DP3 | L | 19.9-20.3 | 19-23 | 12.5 | 14.8 | |||
W | 13.6-14.2 | 10-12 | 11.1 | 12.8 | ||||
DP4 | L | 23.5-23.7 | 22-24 | 16.5 | 18.0-18.5 | |||
W | 16.8-18.1 | 12 | 13.6 | 15.1-15.5 | ||||
DP2-4 | L | 56.2-57.4 | 52 | 39.4 | 41.9 | |||
M1 | L | 26.6-26.7 | 19? | 19.5-24.9 | 24.0-24.3 | |||
W | 15.3 | 15? | 18.2-23.9? | 15.7-15.8 | ||||
dp2 | L | 10.5-10.8 | ||||||
W | 6.6-6.7 | |||||||
dp3 | L | 16.4-16.6 | ||||||
W | 9.2 | |||||||
dp4 | L | 28.2-28.5 | ||||||
W | 11.3-11.6 | |||||||
p4 | L | 13.6 | 13-15 | 17.1 | 12 | 15 | ||
W | 8.4 | 9 | 8.3 | 9 | 9 | |||
m1 | L | 17.9 | 13-20 | 17.2 | 15 | 25? | ||
W | 12.3 | 11-14 | 10.7 | 11 | 11 | |||
m2 | L | 23.2 | 21-26 | 21.6 | 21 | 26 | ||
W | 12.6 | 12-13 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 13 | |||
m3 | L | 32.2 | 32 | 30.2 | 32 | |||
W | 11.7 | 11-13 | 10.1 | 12 |
Fig. 4 Postcranial bones of small and medium-sized bovids from SSMZ A-C. Spirocerus wongi: A1-A3. left Mc III+IV (IVPP V 28655),B1-B4. right naviculo-cuboid+lat-mid+medial cuneiforms (V 28656.2-3),C1-C3. right Mt III+IV (V 28656.4); D-I. Gazella sinensis: D1-D3. partial left humerus (V 28687),E1-E4. left Mc III+IV (V 28688), F. distal epiphysis of left tibia (V 28691),G1-G2. left astragalus (V 28692), H1-H2. left naviculo-cuboid (V 28690), I1-I3. 3rd phalanx (V 28689);J-K. Megalovis piveteaui: J1-J4. left radius (V 28654), K1-K4. right Mc III+IV (V 28695);L1-L4. Ovis shantungensis: left Mc III+IV (V 28694). A1, C1, D1, E1, G1, J1, K1, L1. anterior views;A2, B4, C2, D2, E2, G2, J2, K2, L2. posterior views; A3, B1, C3, E3, H1, J3, K3, L3. proximal views;B2, D3, E4, F, H2, J4, K4, L4. distal views; B3. medial view; I1. lateral view; I2. interdigital view;I3. volar view. The arrows indicate the lateral projection of the radius. The unmarked scale bars equal 20 mm
Mc III+IV | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Sources | Length | Proximal width | Proximal APD | Distal width | Distal APD | Midshaft width | Midshaft APD | Index of stoutness (Distal width/total length) (%) |
Bison palaeosinensis | Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 231-248 | 72-74 | 65 | 28-29 | ||||
Tong et al. ( | 226-233 | 60-67.8 | 35-38.6 | 59-63.5 | 34.2-34.7 | 36-39.5 | 26-27.6 | 26-28 | |
Megalovis latifrons | Viret ( | 200 | 56.5 | 60 | 30 | ||||
Megalovis latifrons | Radulesco and Samson ( | 192 | 56 | 64 | 35.7 | 33.3 | |||
Megalovis piveteaui | This paper | 212 | 59 | 37 | 59 | 32 | 34 | 25 | 27.8 |
Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 192-204 | 51-57 | 54-61 | 28-30# | |||||
Megalovis wimani | Schaub ( | 185 | 52 | 57 | 30.8# | ||||
Ovis shantungensis | This paper | 221 | 41 | 29 | 42 | 27 | 26 | 20 | 19 |
Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 231-233 | 42-44 | 42-44.5 | 18-19 | |||||
Ovis ammon | Fedosenko and Blank ( | 218 | |||||||
Ovis shangi | Teilhard and Young ( | 150 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 18.7 | |||
Spirocerus wongi | This paper | 175 | 47 | 32 | 56 | 29 | 31 | 19 | 32 |
Spirocerus kiakhtensis | Sokolov ( | 170 | 60.9# | 35.0# | 22.0# | 35.8 | |||
Gazella cf. G. lydekkeri | Zhang and Yang ( | 141 | |||||||
Gazella sinensis | This paper | 180 | 22 | 17 | 23 | 16 | 12.5 | 11.3 | 12.8 |
Gazella subgutturosa | Demircioglu and Ince ( | 146.0(F) | 18.4(F) | 18.0(F) | 10.5(F) | 9.7(F) | |||
150.7(M) | 19.6(M) | 18.9(M) | 11.4(M) | 9.9(M) | |||||
Procapra przewalskii | Boule et al. ( | 142 | 18-21 | 12.7-14.8 | |||||
Procapra gutturosa | Boule et al. ( | 180 | 23 | 12.8 | |||||
Procapra gutturosa | This paper (OV 1124) | 146 | 15.5 | 8.0 | 16.7 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 11.4 |
Saiga tatarica | Prat ( | 153 | 25 | 18.5 | 25.5 | 13.5 | 17.7 | ||
Capra ibex | Prat ( | 126-155 | 28.5-38.5 | 20.5-27 | 31.5-43 | 19-24 | 20-27.5 | ||
(139.2) | (33) | (23.8) | (36.7) | (21.3) | (23.8) | ||||
Praeovibos priscus | Kahlke ( | 193.7# | |||||||
Ovibos moschatus sussenbornensis | Kahlke ( | 189.9# | 62.8# | 36.5# | 69.1# | 44# | 36.4 | ||
Mt III+IV | |||||||||
Spirocerus wongi | This paper | 173.0 | 36.9 | 34.0 | 45.3 | 26.1 | 22.0 | 21.5 | 26.2 |
Table 4 Measurements of metacarpals of bovids from Nihewan Basin, compared with related taxa (mm)
Mc III+IV | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Sources | Length | Proximal width | Proximal APD | Distal width | Distal APD | Midshaft width | Midshaft APD | Index of stoutness (Distal width/total length) (%) |
Bison palaeosinensis | Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 231-248 | 72-74 | 65 | 28-29 | ||||
Tong et al. ( | 226-233 | 60-67.8 | 35-38.6 | 59-63.5 | 34.2-34.7 | 36-39.5 | 26-27.6 | 26-28 | |
Megalovis latifrons | Viret ( | 200 | 56.5 | 60 | 30 | ||||
Megalovis latifrons | Radulesco and Samson ( | 192 | 56 | 64 | 35.7 | 33.3 | |||
Megalovis piveteaui | This paper | 212 | 59 | 37 | 59 | 32 | 34 | 25 | 27.8 |
Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 192-204 | 51-57 | 54-61 | 28-30# | |||||
Megalovis wimani | Schaub ( | 185 | 52 | 57 | 30.8# | ||||
Ovis shantungensis | This paper | 221 | 41 | 29 | 42 | 27 | 26 | 20 | 19 |
Teilhard and Piveteau ( | 231-233 | 42-44 | 42-44.5 | 18-19 | |||||
Ovis ammon | Fedosenko and Blank ( | 218 | |||||||
Ovis shangi | Teilhard and Young ( | 150 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 18.7 | |||
Spirocerus wongi | This paper | 175 | 47 | 32 | 56 | 29 | 31 | 19 | 32 |
Spirocerus kiakhtensis | Sokolov ( | 170 | 60.9# | 35.0# | 22.0# | 35.8 | |||
Gazella cf. G. lydekkeri | Zhang and Yang ( | 141 | |||||||
Gazella sinensis | This paper | 180 | 22 | 17 | 23 | 16 | 12.5 | 11.3 | 12.8 |
Gazella subgutturosa | Demircioglu and Ince ( | 146.0(F) | 18.4(F) | 18.0(F) | 10.5(F) | 9.7(F) | |||
150.7(M) | 19.6(M) | 18.9(M) | 11.4(M) | 9.9(M) | |||||
Procapra przewalskii | Boule et al. ( | 142 | 18-21 | 12.7-14.8 | |||||
Procapra gutturosa | Boule et al. ( | 180 | 23 | 12.8 | |||||
Procapra gutturosa | This paper (OV 1124) | 146 | 15.5 | 8.0 | 16.7 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 11.4 |
Saiga tatarica | Prat ( | 153 | 25 | 18.5 | 25.5 | 13.5 | 17.7 | ||
Capra ibex | Prat ( | 126-155 | 28.5-38.5 | 20.5-27 | 31.5-43 | 19-24 | 20-27.5 | ||
(139.2) | (33) | (23.8) | (36.7) | (21.3) | (23.8) | ||||
Praeovibos priscus | Kahlke ( | 193.7# | |||||||
Ovibos moschatus sussenbornensis | Kahlke ( | 189.9# | 62.8# | 36.5# | 69.1# | 44# | 36.4 | ||
Mt III+IV | |||||||||
Spirocerus wongi | This paper | 173.0 | 36.9 | 34.0 | 45.3 | 26.1 | 22.0 | 21.5 | 26.2 |
Fig. 5 Incomplete skulls and horn-cores of Gazella sinensis from SSMZ A. partial skull of a juvenile with horn-cores (IVPP V 28658); B1-B3. partial skull with horn-cores (V 28657); C1-C2. left and right horn-cores (V 28659.1, V 28659.2); D1-D2. partial skull with left horn-core (V 28667);E. partial skull with right horn-core (V 28661). A, B1, C1-2, D1. anterior views; B3. posterior view;B2. dorsal view; E. medial view; D2. lateral view. Scale bars equal 50 mm
IVPP V 28657 | V 28658 | V 28659.1 | V 28659.2 | V 28660 | V 28661 | V 28662 | V 28665 | V 28667 | V 28670 | V 28671 | V 28672 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greatest breadth across orbits: ectorbitale-ectorbitale | >81.8 | >80.9 | ||||||||||
Width between supraorbital foramina | 30.9 | 35.0 | ||||||||||
Frontal angle | 34° | |||||||||||
Angle of divergence of horn-cores | 16° | 22° | ||||||||||
Width between horns | 65.8 | 66.6 | ||||||||||
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes | 23.2 | 29.0 | ||||||||||
Diameter of horn-core base (APD) | 28.4 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 27.7 | 25.3 | 28.2 | 25.9 | 27.6 | 24.7 |
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD) | 21.3 | 19.5 | 21.3 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 20.8 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 21.7 | 19.8 | 21.4 | 17.5 |
Full curved length of horn-core | 170 | 118 | 146 | 135 | 130 | 132 | 135 | >101 | 152 | 131 | ||
Straight length of horn-core | 160 | 110 | 132 | 123 | 120 | 117 | 120 | >95 | 140 | 116 |
Table 5 Measurements of partial cranial bones and horn-cores of Gazella sinensis (mm)
IVPP V 28657 | V 28658 | V 28659.1 | V 28659.2 | V 28660 | V 28661 | V 28662 | V 28665 | V 28667 | V 28670 | V 28671 | V 28672 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greatest breadth across orbits: ectorbitale-ectorbitale | >81.8 | >80.9 | ||||||||||
Width between supraorbital foramina | 30.9 | 35.0 | ||||||||||
Frontal angle | 34° | |||||||||||
Angle of divergence of horn-cores | 16° | 22° | ||||||||||
Width between horns | 65.8 | 66.6 | ||||||||||
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes | 23.2 | 29.0 | ||||||||||
Diameter of horn-core base (APD) | 28.4 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 27.7 | 25.3 | 28.2 | 25.9 | 27.6 | 24.7 |
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD) | 21.3 | 19.5 | 21.3 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 20.8 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 21.7 | 19.8 | 21.4 | 17.5 |
Full curved length of horn-core | 170 | 118 | 146 | 135 | 130 | 132 | 135 | >101 | 152 | 131 | ||
Straight length of horn-core | 160 | 110 | 132 | 123 | 120 | 117 | 120 | >95 | 140 | 116 |
Fig. 6 CT scan images of the horn-core of Gazella sinensis (IVPP V 28661) from SSMZ A1-A4. CT image reconstruction showing positions of the cross CT scan slices (A1’-A4’);B1-B3. CT image reconstruction showing positions of the longitudinal CT scan slices (B1’-B3’)
Fig. 7 Jaw bones and teeth of Gazella sinensis from SSMZ (A-J), compared with related taxa (K-P) A. maxilla with P3-M1 (IVPP V 28673); B. maxilla with M1-3 (V 28674);C1-C4. left mandible with p2-m3 (V 28680); D1-D3. left mandible with p2-m3 (V 28681.2);E1-E2. left mandible with dp2-4 and m1-2 (V 28685.1), E3. detail of dp2-4; F. right p4-m3 (V 28677);G. left p3-m3 (V 28682); H. right p2-m3 (V 28675); I. left p4-m3 (V 28686); J. left p4-m3 (V 28678);K. Procapra przewalskii, right p2-m3 (horizontally flipped) (NWIPB-0001172♀);L. Procapra gutturosa, left p2-m3 (NWIPB 620032); M. Gazella subgutturosa, left p2-m3 (NWIPB 609001);N. Pseudois nahaur, left p2-m3 (NWIPB-KX1); O. Capra ibex, left p2-m3 (IOZ-2);P. Ovis ammon, left p2-m3 (OV 1346-2). A, B, C1, C4, D1, E3, F-P. occlusal views;C2, D2, E1. buccal views; C3, D3, E2. lingual views. The arrows indicate the variations of p4 The unmarked scale bars equal 20 mm
IVPP V | 28675 | 28676 | 28673 | 28674 | 28677 | 28678 | 28679 | 28680 | 28681.1 (r) | 28681.2 (l) | V 28682 | 28683 | 28684 | 28685.1 (l) | 28685.2 (r) | 28686 | Teilhard & Piveteau ( | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3 | L | 6.9 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 6.4 | |||||||||||||||||
P4 | L | 8.3 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 7.8 | |||||||||||||||||
M1 | L | 11.0 | 9.8 | |||||||||||||||
W | 10.9 | 12.7 | ||||||||||||||||
M2 | L | 13.4 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 12.9 | |||||||||||||||||
M3 | L | 15.1 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 10.3 | |||||||||||||||||
M1-M3 L | 38-45 | |||||||||||||||||
dp2 | L | 5.2 | 4.9 | |||||||||||||||
W | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||||||||||||
dp3 | L | 8.5 | 7.5 | |||||||||||||||
W | 4.3 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||||||
dp4 | L | 12.9 | 13.8 | |||||||||||||||
W | 5.4 | 5.3 | ||||||||||||||||
dp2-dp4 L | 26.4 | 27.1 | ||||||||||||||||
p2 | L | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.8 | ||||||||||||
W | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||
p3 | L | 8.2 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 9.6 | |||||||||||
W | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 | ||||||||||||
p4 | L | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 7.9 | |||||||
W | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 | ||||||||
p2-p4 L | 22.2 | 22.3 | 20.8 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 22-28 | |||||||||||
m1 | L | 10.1 | 10 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 10.1 | |||
W | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.1 | |||||
m2 | L | 12.1 | 12.0 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 13.0 | 14.9 | 15.4 | 12.6 | ||||
W | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.8 | ||||
m3 | L | 19.4 | 19.1 | 21.9 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 20.1 | |||||
W | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.6 | ||||||
m1-m3 L | 41.8 | 42.5 | 46.1 | 43.1 | 41.7 | 46.4 | 45.7 | 44.9 | 39.5 | 41.9 | 41.2 | 43-50 | ||||||
p2-m3 L | 64.1 | 64.0 | 64.2 | 66.8 | 67.0 | <67.8 | 69.1 | 69.4 | 65-78 |
Table 6 Measurements of teeth of Gazella sinensis from SSMZ, compared with those from Xiashagou (mm)
IVPP V | 28675 | 28676 | 28673 | 28674 | 28677 | 28678 | 28679 | 28680 | 28681.1 (r) | 28681.2 (l) | V 28682 | 28683 | 28684 | 28685.1 (l) | 28685.2 (r) | 28686 | Teilhard & Piveteau ( | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3 | L | 6.9 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 6.4 | |||||||||||||||||
P4 | L | 8.3 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 7.8 | |||||||||||||||||
M1 | L | 11.0 | 9.8 | |||||||||||||||
W | 10.9 | 12.7 | ||||||||||||||||
M2 | L | 13.4 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 12.9 | |||||||||||||||||
M3 | L | 15.1 | ||||||||||||||||
W | 10.3 | |||||||||||||||||
M1-M3 L | 38-45 | |||||||||||||||||
dp2 | L | 5.2 | 4.9 | |||||||||||||||
W | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||||||||||||
dp3 | L | 8.5 | 7.5 | |||||||||||||||
W | 4.3 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||||||
dp4 | L | 12.9 | 13.8 | |||||||||||||||
W | 5.4 | 5.3 | ||||||||||||||||
dp2-dp4 L | 26.4 | 27.1 | ||||||||||||||||
p2 | L | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.8 | ||||||||||||
W | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||
p3 | L | 8.2 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 9.6 | |||||||||||
W | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 | ||||||||||||
p4 | L | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 7.9 | |||||||
W | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 | ||||||||
p2-p4 L | 22.2 | 22.3 | 20.8 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 22-28 | |||||||||||
m1 | L | 10.1 | 10 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 10.1 | |||
W | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.1 | |||||
m2 | L | 12.1 | 12.0 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 13.0 | 14.9 | 15.4 | 12.6 | ||||
W | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.8 | ||||
m3 | L | 19.4 | 19.1 | 21.9 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 20.1 | |||||
W | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.6 | ||||||
m1-m3 L | 41.8 | 42.5 | 46.1 | 43.1 | 41.7 | 46.4 | 45.7 | 44.9 | 39.5 | 41.9 | 41.2 | 43-50 | ||||||
p2-m3 L | 64.1 | 64.0 | 64.2 | 66.8 | 67.0 | <67.8 | 69.1 | 69.4 | 65-78 |
Fig. 8 Comparison of premolar series among some Quaternary gazelle species of China A. Gazella sinensis, left p2-4, IVPP V 28681.2, SSMZ; B. Procapra gutturosa, left p2-4, NWIPB 0006065, extant; C. P. przewalskii, right p2-4 (horizontally flipped), NWIPB 0001172, extant;D. P. picticaudata, left p2-4, NWIPB 0001179, extant; E. Gazella subgutturosa, left p2-4, IVPP-c-05, extant;F. Saiga tatarica, right p3-4 (horizontally flipped), NWIPB S-80503, extant;G. Pantholops hodgsonii, left p3-4, NWIPB 77001, extant. All are in occlusal views
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