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Fig. 3
A broken mandible (IVPP V 27429.3) of Stephanorhinus cf. S. kirchbergensis from Xinyaozi Ravine in buccal (A), occlusal (B) and lingual (C) views
Fig. 1
Location of Shanshenmiaozui (SSMZ) site, with distributional map of living antelopes and related fossil forms of the Pleistocene Epoch in China Data for the extant taxa are from Jiang (
Table 1
Studied fossil specimens of small to medium-sized bovids newly unearthed from SSMZ
Fig. 2
Partial skulls, jaw bones and teeth of Spirocerus wongi (A-D) and Ovis shantungensis (E) from SSMZ A-D. Spirocerus wongi: A. partial skull with horn-cores (IVPP V 28650), B1-B3. juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1 (V 28651), C1-C4. left mandible with dp2-m1 (V 28652.1), D1-D4. partial right mandible with p4-m3 (V 28653); E1-E2. Ovis shantungensis, maxilla with left DP4-M1 and right DP2-4 and M1 (V 28693) A. anterior view; B1, E1. palatal views; B2, C1, D1, E2. buccal views; C2, D2. lingual views;B3, C3-4, D3-4. occlusal views. The unmarked scale bars equal 20 mm
Fig. 3
CT scan images and 3-D reconstructions of the horn-core of Spirocerus wongi from SSMZ (IVPP V 28650) A1-A2. CT scan images showing the general canal system (A1) and a longitudinal slice (A2);C1-C5. CT scan slices showing the changes of cross sections and the canal system at different levels;B1-B4. CT image reconstruction of the right horn-core in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3) and medial (B4) views
Table 2
Measurements of the horn-cores of Spirocerus wongi, compared with related species (mm)
Table 3
Measurements of the teeth of Spirocerus wongi, compared with related species (mm)
Fig. 4
Postcranial bones of small and medium-sized bovids from SSMZ A-C. Spirocerus wongi: A1-A3. left Mc III+IV (IVPP V 28655),B1-B4. right naviculo-cuboid+lat-mid+medial cuneiforms (V 28656.2-3),C1-C3. right Mt III+IV (V 28656.4); D-I. Gazella sinensis: D1-D3. partial left humerus (V 28687),E1-E4. left Mc III+IV (V 28688), F. distal epiphysis of left tibia (V 28691),G1-G2. left astragalus (V 28692), H1-H2. left naviculo-cuboid (V 28690), I1-I3. 3rd phalanx (V 28689);J-K. Megalovis piveteaui: J1-J4. left radius (V 28654), K1-K4. right Mc III+IV (V 28695);L1-L4. Ovis shantungensis: left Mc III+IV (V 28694). A1, C1, D1, E1, G1, J1, K1, L1. anterior views;A2, B4, C2, D2, E2, G2, J2, K2, L2. posterior views; A3, B1, C3, E3, H1, J3, K3, L3. proximal views;B2, D3, E4, F, H2, J4, K4, L4. distal views; B3. medial view; I1. lateral view; I2. interdigital view;I3. volar view. The arrows indicate the lateral projection of the radius. The unmarked scale bars equal 20 mm
Table 4
Measurements of metacarpals of bovids from Nihewan Basin, compared with related taxa (mm)
Fig. 1
Photographs of Xiyuaspis zhangi IVPP V 25445.1-3 and their interpretative drawingA. an incomplete head-shield (V 25445.1): A1, A2. internal mould and its interpretative drawing (V 25445.1a), A3. close-up of granulous ornamental tubercles (box region of A1), A4, A5. external mould and its interpretative drawing (V 25445.1b); B. a nearly complete ventral rim (V 25445.2);C. a nearly complete corner (C1) and its interpretative drawing (C2) (V 25445.3)Abbreviations: c. corner 角;ltca-c. the first to third lateral transverse canals issuing from the infraorbital canal 从眶下管发出的第一至三对侧横管;ltc1-3. the first to third lateral transverse canals issuing from the lateral dorsal canal 从侧背管发出的第一至三对侧横管;md.o. median dorsal opening 中背孔;orb. orbital opening 眶孔;vr. ventral rim 腹环
Fig. 2
Photograph of Xiyuaspis zhangi GMC V 2416.1, 2 (A) and its interpretative drawing (B)
Fig. 3
Restorations of Xiyuaspis zhangi (A) and Microphymaspis pani (B)
Table 1
Measurements of Xiyuaspis zhangi (mm)
Fig. 4
Photographs of Microphymaspis pani and their interpretative drawings A. photograph of an incomplete head-shield (A1) and its interpretive drawing (A2), IVPP V 13332, holotpye;B. photograph of an incomplete head-shield (B1) and its interpretive drawing (B2), IVPP V 13333, paratypeAbbreviations: ldc. lateral dorsal canal 侧背管;ltc. lateral transverse canal 侧横管;md.o. median dorsal opening 中背孔;mtc. medial transverse canal 中横联络管;orb. orbital opening 眶孔
Fig. 1
The measured Shangtielu-Dongpo Section (A) of the Silurian Kuanti Formation around Qujing and its locality (B)
Table 1
The division and correlation of Silurian strata in Qujing, Yunnan
Fig. 2
The Silurian Kuanti Formation exposed in the Shangtielu-Dongpo Section around Qujing, Yunnan
Fig. 3
Stratigraphical distribution of Silurian fossil fishes from East Yunnan
Fig. 4
The representative schemes of geological age of the Kuanti Formation in East Yunnan
Fig. 1
Samples of Cervus sp. from Taiping, Zhaodong (A) and Niaohe, Binxian (B), Heilongjiang A. CADG522, metacarpus; B. CADG527, radius
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