Evidence of diphyodonty and heterochrony for dental development in euharamiyidan mammals from Jurassic Yanliao Biota
Received date: 2018-03-30
Online published: 2019-01-20
Evidences for tooth replacement of known euharamiyidans are reported based on eight specimens of four species from the Jurassic Yanliao Biota, Liaoning Province, China. Tooth morphologies, eruptional and wear condition, and tooth germs are directly observed and/or revealed by Micro CT or slab CL scan. The euharamiyidan dentition has definite number of cheek teeth and monophyodont molars that are related to precise occlusion. Incisor germs are found in three specimens of Arboroharamiya but not in Shenshou lui and Xianshou linglong. The incisor germs in the upper jaw, presumably I2, have a large crown with two or three cusps; those in the lower jaw, interpreted as the permanent i2, are positioned dorsal to the root of the erupted incisor, interpreted as di2. Comparing dental development within various ontogenetic stages, the incisor tooth germs in Arboroharamiya and Vilevolodon would replace the deciduous incisors in a much later time than when ultimate molars became fully erupted and functional, if it did happen. The available evidence indicates presence of diphyodonty in the loci of the ultimate lower premolar and incisor, which are common mammalian features potentially related to lactation and parental care. The prolonged or delayed eruptions of incisors and ultimate molars in Arboroharamiya and Vilevolodon are probably associated with the specialization of dentition, with emphasis on the P4/p4 chewing function, which should be an autapomorphy and represent a heterochronic shift of tooth replacement in terms of ontogenetic timing comparing to other “haramiyidians”. The heterochronic incisor replacement is probably owing to developmental suppression related to expansion of the premolars, and may have evolved independently multiple times within mammaliaforms.
Key words： Jurassic; Yanliao Biota; euharamiyidans; tooth replacement; diphyodonty
MAO Fang-Yuan, ZHENG Xiao-Ting, WANG Xiao-Li, WANG Yuan-Qing, BI Shun-Dong, MENG Jin . Evidence of diphyodonty and heterochrony for dental development in euharamiyidan mammals from Jurassic Yanliao Biota[J]. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2019 , 57(1) : 51 -76 . DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.180803
| 1 | Abdala F, Jasinoski S C, Fernandez V , 2013. Ontogeny of the Early Triassic cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus (Therapsida): dental morphology and replacement. J Vert Paleont, 33(6):1408-1431 |
| 2 | Anders U, von Koenigswald W, Ruf I et al., 2011. Generalized individual dental age stages for fossil and extant placental mammals. Pal?ontol Z, 85(3):321-339 |
| 3 | Archibald J D , 1982. A study of mammalia and geology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Garfield County, Montana. Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci, 122:1-286 |
| 4 | Averianov A O, Lopatin A V, Krasnolutskii S A , 2011. The first haramiyid (Mammalia, Allotheria) from the Jurassic of Russia. Dokl Biol Sci, 437(1):103-106 |
| 5 | Bi S D, Wang Y Q, Guan J et al., 2014. Three new Jurassic euharamiyidan species reinforce early divergence of mammals. Nature, 514:579-584 |
| 6 | Brink A A , 1956. Speculations on some advanced mammalian characteristics in higher mammal-like reptiles. Palaeontol Afr, 4:77-95 |
| 7 | Butler P M , 2000. Review of the early allotherian mammals. Acta Palaeontol Pol, 45(4):317-342 |
| 8 | Butler P M, Hooker J J , 2005. New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates. Acta Palaeontol Pol, 50(2):185-207 |
| 9 | Butler P M, MacIntyre G T , 1994. Review of the British Haramiyidae (? Mammalia, Allotheria), their molar occlusion and relationships. Philos Ttans R Soc London, Ser B, 345:433-458 |
| 10 | Cifelli R L , 1994. Therian mammals of the Terlingua Local Fauna (Judithian), Aguja Formation, Big Bend of the Rio Grande, Texas. Contrib Geol Univ Wyo, 30(2):117-136 |
| 11 | Cifelli R L , 1999. Therian teeth of unusual design from the medial Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah. J Mamm Evol, 6(3):247-270 |
| 12 | Cifelli R L, de Muizon C , 1998. Dentition and jaw of Kokopellia juddi, a primitive marsupial or near marsupial from the medial Cretaceous of Utah. J Mamm Evol, 4(4):241-258 |
| 13 | Clark J M, Hopson J A , 1985. Distinctive mammal-like reptile from Mexico and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tritylodontidae. Nature, 315:398-400 |
| 14 | Clemens W A , 1966. Fossil mammals from the type Lance Formation Wyoming. Part II. Marsupialia. Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci, 62:1-122 |
| 15 | Clemens W A , 1980. Rhaeto-Liassic mammals from Switzerland and West Germany. Zitteliana, 5:51-92 |
| 16 | Clemens W A , 2007. Early Jurassic allotherians from South Wales (United Kingdom). Foss Rec, 10(1):50-59 |
| 17 | Clemens W A, Martin T , 2014. Review of the non-tritylodontid synapsids from bone beds in the Rhaetic Sandstone, southern Germany. Pal?ontol Z, 88(4):461-479 |
| 18 | Crompton A W , 1963. Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Ann S Afr Mus, 46:479-521 |
| 19 | Crompton A W , 1972. Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodonts. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Geol, 21:30-71 |
| 20 | Crompton A W , 1995. Masticatory function in nonmammalian cynodonts and early mammals. In: Thomason J J ed. Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 55-75 |
| 21 | Crompton A W, Hylander W L , 1986. Changes in mandibular function following the acquisition of a dentary-squamosal joint. In: Hotton N, MacLean P D III, Roth J J et al. eds. The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles. Washington D C: Smithsonian Institution Press. 263-282 |
| 22 | Crompton A W, Luo Z X , 1993. Relationships of the Liassic mammals Sinoconodon, Morganucodon, and Dinnetherium. In: Szalay F S, Novacek M J, McKenna M C eds. Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. New York: Springer-Verlag. 30-44 |
| 23 | Cui G H, Sun A L , 1987. Postcanine root system of tritylodonts. Vert PalAsiat, 25(4):245-259 |
| 24 | Edmund A G , 1960. Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates. R Ontario Mus Life Sci Contrib, 52:1-190 |
| 25 | Ensom P C, Sigogneau-Russell D , 2000. New symmetrodonts (Mammalia, Theria) from the Purbeck Limestone Group, Early Cretaceous of southern England. Cretaceous Res, 21(6):767-779 |
| 26 | Fourie S , 1963. Tooth replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon. S Afr J Sci, 59:211-213 |
| 27 | Fox R C , 1981. Mammals from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman Formation, Alberta. V. Eodelphis Matthew, and the evolution of the Stagodontidae (Marsupialia). Can J Earth Sci, 18(2):350-365 |
| 28 | Gill P , 2004. A new symmetrodont from the Early Cretaceous of England. J Vert Paleont, 24(3):748-752 |
| 29 | Gow C E , 1980. The dentitions of the Trithelodontidae (Therapsida: Cynodontia). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol, 208:461-481 |
| 30 | Gow C E , 1985. Apomorphies of the Mammalia. S Afr J Sci, 81:558-560 |
| 31 | Greenwald N S , 1988. Patterns of tooth eruption and replacement in multituberculate mammals. J Vert Paleont, 8(3):265-277 |
| 32 | Hahn G , 1973. Neue Z?hne von Haramiyiden aus der deutschen Ober-Trias und ihre Beziehungen zu den Multituberculaten. Palaeontogr Abt A, 142:1-15 |
| 33 | Hahn G, Hahn R , 2006. Evolutionary tendencies and systematic arrangement in the Haramiyida (Mammalia). Geol Palaeontol, 40:173-193 |
| 34 | Hahn G, Sigogneau-Russell D, Wouters G , 1989. New data on Theroteinidae-their relations with Paulchoffatiidae and Haramiyidae. Geol Paleontol, 23:205-215 |
| 35 | Han G, Meng J , 2016. A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian ‘symmetrodontans’. Zool J Linn Soc, 178(2):343-380 |
| 36 | Han G, Mao F Y, Bi S D et al., 2017. A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones. Nature, 551:451-456 |
| 37 | Heinrich W D , 1999. First haramiyid (Mammalia, Allotheria) from the Mesozoic of Gondwana. Foss Rec, 2(1):159-170 |
| 38 | Heinrich W D , 2001. New records of Staffia aenigmatica (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyida) from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru in southeastern Tanzania, East Africa. Foss Rec, 4(1):239-255 |
| 39 | Hennig E , 1922. Die S?ugerz?hne des wu?ttembergischen Rh?t-Lias-Bonebeds. Neues Jahrb Geol Pal?eontol, Abh, 46:181-267 |
| 40 | Hopson J A , 1965. Tritylodontid therapsids from Yunnan and the cranial morphology of Bienotherium. Ph. D theis. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1-295 |
| 41 | Hopson J A , 1971. Postcanine replacement in the gomphodont cynodonts Diademodon. In: Kermack D M, Kermack K A eds. Early Mammals. London: Academic Press. 1-21 |
| 42 | Hopson J A , 1973. Endothermy, small size, and the origin of mammalian reproduction. Am Nat, 107:446-452 |
| 43 | Hopson J A, Crompton A W , 1969. Origin of mammals. In: Dobzhansky T, Hecht M K, Steere W C eds. Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 3. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts. 15-72 |
| 44 | Huttenlocker A K, Grossnickle D M, Kirkland J I et al., 2018. Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana. Nature, 558:108-112 |
| 45 | Jenkins F A Jr , 1990. Monotremes and the biology of Mesozoic mammals. Neth J Zool, 40:5-31 |
| 46 | Jenkins F A Jr, Schaff C R , 1988. The Early Cretaceous mammal Gobiconodon (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the Cloverly Formation in Montana. J Vert Paleont, 8(1):1-24 |
| 47 | Jenkins F A, Crompton A, Downs W R , 1983. Mesozoic mammals from Arizona: new evidence on mammalian evolution. Science, 222:1233-1235 |
| 48 | Jenkins F A, Gatesy S M, Shubin N H et al., 1997. Haramiyids and Triassic Mammalian Evolution. Nature, 385:715-718 |
| 49 | Ji Q, Luo Z X, Zhang X L et al., 2009. Evolutionary development of the middle ear in Mesozoic therian mammals. Science, 326:278-281 |
| 50 | Kermack D M, Kermack K A , 1984. The Evolution of Mammalian Characters. London: Croom Helm. 1-149 |
| 51 | Kermack K A, Mussett F, Rigney H W , 1973. The lower jaw of Morganucodon. Zool J Linn Soc, 53(2):87-175 |
| 52 | Kermack K A, Mussett F, Rigney H W , 1981. The skull of Morganucodon. Zool J Linn Soc, 71(1):1-158 |
| 53 | Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Dashzeveg D , 1998. Early Cretaceous amphilestid (“triconodont”) mammals from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol Pol, 43(3):413-438 |
| 54 | Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Cifelli R L, Luo Z X , 2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Structure, Relationships, and Paleobiology. New York: Columbia Univeristy Press. 1-630 |
| 55 | Krause D W, Hoffmann S, Wible J R et al., 2014. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature, 515:512-517 |
| 56 | Ku?hne W G , 1956. The Liassic therapsid Oligokyphus. London: British Museum (Natural History). 1-149 |
| 57 | Lillegraven J A , 1969. Latest Cretaceous mammals of upper part of Edmonton Formation of Alberta, Canada, and review of marsupial-placental dichotomy in mammalian evolution. Univ Kansas Paleontol Contrib, 50:1-122 |
| 58 | Liu J, Sues Hans-Dieter , 2010. Dentition and tooth replacement of Boreogomphodon (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA. Vert PalAsiat, 48(3):169-184 |
| 59 | Lopatin, A, Averianov A , 2015. Gobiconodon (Mammalia) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and revision of Gobiconodontidae. J Mamm Evol, 22(1):17-43 |
| 60 | Luckett W P , 1985. Superordinal and intraordinal affinities of rodents: developmental evidence from the dentition and placentation. In: Luckett W P, Hartenberger J L eds. Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents: a Multidisciplinary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press. 227-276 |
| 61 | Luckett W P , 1993. An ontogenetic assessment of dental homologies in therian mammals. In: Szalay F S, Novacek M J, McKenna M C eds. Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. New York: Springer-Verlag. 182-204 |
| 62 | Luo Z X , 1994. Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters. In: Fraser N C, Sues H D eds. In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs-Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 98-128 |
| 63 | Luo Z X , 2007. Transformation and diversification in the early mammalian evolution. Nature, 450:1011-1019 |
| 64 | Luo Z X, Wible J R , 2005. A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification. Science, 308:103-107 |
| 65 | Luo Z X, Wu X C , 1994. The small vertebrate fauna of the lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan. In: Fraser N C, Sues H D eds. In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs-Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 251-270 |
| 66 | Luo Z X, Wu X C , 1995. Correlation of vertebrate assemblage of the lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan, China. In: Sun A L, Wang Y Q eds. Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystem and Biotas, Short Papers. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 83-88 |
| 67 | Luo Z X, Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Cifelli R L , 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontol Pol, 47(1):1-78 |
| 68 | Luo Z X, Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Cifelli R L , 2004. Evolution of dental replacement in mammals. Bull Carnegie Mus Nat Hist, 36:159-175 |
| 69 | Luo Z X, Chen P J, Li G et al., 2007a. A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals. Nature, 446:288-293 |
| 70 | Luo Z X, Ji Q, Yuan C X , 2007b. Convergent dental adaptations in pseudotribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals. Nature, 450:93-97 |
| 71 | Luo Z X, Yuan C X, Meng Q J et al., 2011. A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature, 476:442-445 |
| 72 | Luo Z X, Meng Q J, Ji Q et al., 2015a. Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan. Science, 347:760-763 |
| 73 | Luo Z X, Gatesy S M, Jenkins F A et al., 2015b. Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112:E7101-E7109 |
| 74 | Luo Z X, Meng Q J, Grossnickle D M et al., 2017. New evidence for mammaliaform ear evolution and feeding adaptation in a Jurassic ecosystem. Nature, 548:326-329 |
| 75 | Maisch M W, Matzke A T, Grossmann F et al., 2005. The first haramiyoid mammal from Asia. Naturwissenschaften, 92(1):40-44 |
| 76 | Mao F Y, Li C K, Wang Y Q et al., 2016. The incisor enamel microstructure of Mina hui (Mammalia, Glires) and its implication for the taxonomy of basal Glires. Vert PalAsiat, 54(2):137-155 |
| 77 | Mao F Y, Wang Y Q, Bi S D et al., 2017. Tooth enamel microstructures of three Jurassic euharamiyidans and implications for tooth enamel evolution in allotherian mammals. J Vert Paleont, 37(2), doi: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1279168 |
| 78 | Martin T, Averianov A O, Pfretzschner H U , 2010a. Mammals from the Late Jurassic Qiqu Formation in the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Palaeobio Palaeoenv, 90(3):295-319 |
| 79 | Martin T, Nowotney M, Fischer M , 2010b. New data on tooth replacement in the Late Jurassic docodont mammal Haldanodon exspectatus. J Vert Paleont, 30(Supp):130A |
| 80 | Martin T, Marugán-Lobón J, Vullo R et al., 2015. A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals. Nature, 526:380-384 |
| 81 | Meng J , 2014. Mesozoic mammals of China: implications for phylogeny and early evolution of mammals. Natl Sci Rev, 1(4):521-542 |
| 82 | Meng J, Hu Y M, Wang Y Q et al., 2003. Dentocranial morphologies of the Early Cretaceous triconodont mammal Repenomamus: new evidence for mammalian evolution. J Vert Paleont, 23(Supp):78A |
| 83 | Meng J, Wang Y Q, Li C K , 2011. Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodontan. Nature, 472:181-185 |
| 84 | Meng J, Bi S D, Wang Y Q et al., 2014. Dental and mandibular morphologies of Arboroharamiya (Haramiyida, Mammalia): a comparison with other haramiyidans and Megaconus and implications for mammalian evolution. PloS One, 9:e113847 |
| 85 | Meng J, Bi S D, Zheng X T et al., 2018. Ear ossicle morphology of the Jurassic euharamiyidan Arboroharamiya and evolution of mammalian middle ear. J Morphol, 279:441-457 |
| 86 | Meng Q J, Ji Q, Zhang Y G et al., 2015. An arboreal docodont from the Jurassic and mammaliaform ecological diversification. Science, 347:764-768 |
| 87 | Meng Q J, Grossnickle D M, Liu D et al., 2017. New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic. Nature, 548:291-296 |
| 88 | Miao D S , 1986. Dental anatomy and ontogeny of Lambdopsalis bulla (Mammalia, Multituberculata). Contrib Geol Univ Wyo, 24:65-76 |
| 89 | Mills J R E , 1971. The dentition of Morganucodon. In: Kermack D M, Kermack K A eds. Early Mammals. Zool J Linn Soc, 50(S1):29-63 |
| 90 | Nowotny M, Martin T, Fischer M S , 2001. Dental anatomy and tooth replacement of Haldanodon exspectatus (Docodonta, Mammalia) from the Upper Jura of Portugal. J Morphol, 248(S3):268 |
| 91 | O’Meara R N, Asher R J , 2016. The evolution of growth patterns in mammalian versus nonmammalian cynodonts. Paleobiology, 42(3):439-464 |
| 92 | Osborn J W , 1974a. On the tooth succession in Diademodon. Evolution, 28:141-157 |
| 93 | Osborn J W , 1974b. On the control of tooth replacement in reptiles and its relationship to growth. J Theor Biol, 46:509-527 |
| 94 | Osborn J W, Crompton A W , 1973. The evolution of mammalian from reptilian dentitions. Brev Mus Comp Zool, 399:1-18 |
| 95 | Owen R , 1871. Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations. London: Palaeontographical Society. 1-140 |
| 96 | Panciroli E, Benson R B J, Walsh S , 2017. The dentary of Wareolestes rex (Megazostrodontidae): a new specimen from Scotland and implications for morganucodontan tooth replacement. Palaeontology, 3(3):373-386 |
| 97 | Parrington F R , 1936. On the tooth replacement in theriodont reptiles. Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser B, 226:121-142 |
| 98 | Parrington F R , 1947. On the collection of Rhaetic mammalian teeth. Proc Zool Soc London, 116:707-728 |
| 99 | Parrington F R , 1971. On the Upper Triassic mammals. Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser B, 261:231-272 |
| 100 | Parrington F R , 1973. The dentitions of the earliest mammals. Zool J Linn Soc, 52(1):85-95 |
| 101 | Parrington F R , 1978. A further account of the Triassic mammals. Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser B, 282:177-204 |
| 102 | Peyer B , 1956. über Z?hne von Haramiyiden, von Triconodontiden und von wahrscheinlich synapsiden Reptilien aus dem Rh?t von Hallau. Schweiz Pal?ontol Abh, 72:1-72 |
| 103 | Pond C M , 1977. The significance of lactation in the evolution of mammals. Evolution, 31(1):177-199 |
| 104 | Rodrigues H G, Marangoni P, ?umbera R et al., 2011. Continuous dental replacement in a hyper-chisel tooth digging rodent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108:17355-17359 |
| 105 | Ross C F, Eckhardt A, Herrel A et al., 2007. Modulation of intra-oral processing in mammals and lepidosaurs. Integr Comp Biol, 47(1):118-136 |
| 106 | Rougier G W, Sheth A S, Carpenter K et al., 2014. A new species of Docodon (Mammaliaformes: Docodonta) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation and a reassessment of selected craniodental characters in basal mammaliaforms. J Mamm Evol, 22(1):1-16 |
| 107 | Rowe T , 1993. Phylogenetic systematics and the early history of mammals. In: Szalay F S, Novacek M J, McKenna M C eds. Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. New York: Springer-Verlag. 129-145 |
| 108 | Rowe T, Rich T H, Vickers-Rich P et al., 2008. The oldest platypus and its bearing on divergence timing of the platypus and echidna clades. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105:1238-1242 |
| 109 | Sigogneau-Russell D , 1989. Haramiyidae (Mammalia, Allotheria) en provenance du Trias supérieur de Lorraine (France). Palaeontogr Abt A, 206:137-198 |
| 110 | Sigogneau-Russell D , 1991. First evidence of Multituberculata (Mammalia) in the Mesozoic of Africa. Neues Jahrb Geol Pal?ontol Abh, 1991: 119-125 |
| 111 | Sigogneau-Russell D, Frank P, Hemmerlé J , 1986. A new family of mammals from the lower part of the French Rhaetic. In: Padian K ed. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs Faunal Change Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 99-108 |
| 112 | Simpson G G , 1928. A Catalogue of the Mesozoic Mammalia in the Geological Department of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. 1-215 |
| 113 | Sweetman S C , 2008. A spalacolestine spalacotheriid (Mammalia, Trechnotheria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of southern England and its bearing on spalacotheriid evolution. Palaeontology, 51:1367-1385 |
| 114 | Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M , 1987. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-413 |
| 115 | Wang Y Q, Hu Y M, Meng J et al., 2001. An ossified Meckel’s cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the mammalian middle ear. Science, 294:357-361 |
| 116 | Winge H , 1941. The Interrelationships of the Mammalian Genera, Vol. 1: Monotremata, Marsupialia, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Edentata. Kobenhavn: C. A. Reitzels-Forlag. 1-418 |
| 117 | Zeller U , 1999. Mammalian reproduction: origin and evolutionary transformations. Zool Anz, 238(1):117-130 |
| 118 | Zhang F K, Crompton A W, Luo Z X et al., 1998. Pattern of dental replacement of Sinoconodon and its implications for evolution of mammals. Vert PalAsiat, 36(3):197-217 |
| 119 | Zheng X T, Bi S D, Wang X L et al., 2013. A new arboreal haramiyid shows the diversity of crown mammals in the Jurassic period. Nature, 500:199-202 |
| 120 | Zhou C F, Wu S Y, Martin T et al., 2013. A Jurassic mammaliaform and the earliest mammalian evolutionary adaptations. Nature, 500:163-167 |
| 121 | Ziegler A C , 1971. A theory of the evolution of therian dental formulas and replacement pattern. Q Rev Biol, 46(3):226-249 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |