滇西北香格里拉叶卡地点早更新哺乳动物化石

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.260210

古脊椎动物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 64 ›› Issue (3): 254-293.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.260210CSTR: 32090.14.j.cnki.2096-9899.260210

滇西北香格里拉叶卡地点早更新哺乳动物化石

张立民¹^,⁴, 常美静¹^,⁴, 鲁丹¹^,⁴, 巩皓¹^,⁴, 秦超¹^,⁴, 高峰², 潘高原³, 李钢³, 邓涛¹^,⁴, 史静耸⁵, 倪喜军¹^,⁴^,^*(), 李强¹^,⁴^,^*()

¹ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室北京 100044
² 云南省文物考古研究所昆明 650118
³ 云南省迪庆藏族自治州文物管理所香格里拉 674400
⁴ 中国科学院大学北京 100049
⁵ 中国科学院动物研究所北京 100101

收稿日期:2025-03-28 出版日期:2026-07-20 发布日期:2026-07-27
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0804500);国家自然科学基金重点项目(42430207);第二次青藏高原综合考察与研究项目(2019QZKK0705);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26030300)

Early Pleistocene mammals from Yeka locality in Shangri-La, northwestern Yunnan

ZHANG Li-Min¹^,⁴, CHANG Mei-Jing¹^,⁴, LU Dan¹^,⁴, GONG Hao¹^,⁴, QIN Chao¹^,⁴, GAO Feng², PAN Gao-Yuan³, LI Gang³, DENG Tao¹^,⁴, SHI Jing-Song⁵, NI Xi-Jun¹^,⁴^,^*(), LI Qiang¹^,⁴^,^*()

¹ Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044
² Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Kunming 650118
³ Yunnan Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Institute of Cultural Administration Shangri-La 674400
⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049
⁵ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101

Received:2025-03-28 Published:2026-07-20 Online:2026-07-27
Contact: * nixijun@ivpp.ac.cn;
liqiang@ivpp.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

早更新世叶卡动物群最早发现于20世纪80年代的横断山科学考察中。第二次青藏高原科学考察期间，2020和2024年两次采集到的新的哺乳动物化石标本，经鉴定包含了5目、12科、15属、15种。与中国典型的早更新世哺乳动物群的对比表明，香格里拉地区的化石哺乳动物组合在组成上最接近于元谋人动物群。香格里拉化石哺乳动物组合在动物地理上以南北混合为显著特征，这种模式与横断山现代动物地理格局高度相似。动物组成分析结果反映出早更新世时期，香格里拉地区呈现中等海拔森林和草原镶嵌的环境。

关键词: 香格里拉, 早更新世, 叶卡动物群, 横断山, 古环境

Abstract:

The Early Pleistocene Yeka Fauna was first identified during the Hengduan Mountains Scientific Expedition in the 1980s. New mammal fossil remains were collected during the execution of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Project (STEP) in 2020 and 2024. The most recent findings have been identified as 5 orders, 12 families, 15 genera, and 15 species. The updated Shangri-La fossil mammal combination (Yeka and Zhongdian faunas) has been compared to several Early Pleistocene faunas in China. It has been found to be most closely correlated to the Yuanmou Man Fauna. The faunal composition of the Shangri-La fossil mammal combination is distinguished by the co-occurrence of boreal and austral elements, a pattern that is analogous to the modern biogeography observed in the Hengduan Mountains. Faunal analysis suggests that during the Early Pleistocene, the Shangri-La region was characterized by a moderate-elevation forest intermingled with open grassland.

Key words: Shangri-La, Early Pleistocene, Yeka Fauna, Hengduan Mountains, Paleoenvironment

中图分类号:

Q915.873

张立民, 常美静, 鲁丹, 巩皓, 秦超, 高峰, 潘高原, 李钢, 邓涛, 史静耸, 倪喜军, 李强. 滇西北香格里拉叶卡地点早更新哺乳动物化石. 古脊椎动物学报, 2026, 64(3): 254-293.

ZHANG Li-Min, CHANG Mei-Jing, LU Dan, GONG Hao, QIN Chao, GAO Feng, PAN Gao-Yuan, LI Gang, DENG Tao, SHI Jing-Song, NI Xi-Jun, LI Qiang. Early Pleistocene mammals from Yeka locality in Shangri-La, northwestern Yunnan. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2026, 64(3): 254-293.

图/表 12

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Locality	Reference	Inventory number	Species	Dentary height at p4	p3 length×width
Yeka	This text	V34068.1	O. complicidens	9.00	2.20×2.00
Majuangou	Cai et al., 2008	V15270.1 V15270.2	O. complicidens		2.25×2.00
Majuangou	Cai et al., 2008	V15270.1 V15270.2	O. complicidens		2.50×2.30
Heshui	Wu and Flynn, 2017a	V4776	O. complicidens		2.25×2.05
Baihai		THP14190	O. complicidens	12.40	2.74×2.40
Qingyang(type)		THP25.918	O. complicidens		2.60×2.65
Gaozhuang		THP14242	O. complicidens	13.20	2.93×2.25
Loc. 18 of Zhoukoudian/ (Huiyu)		CP 110	O. complicidens	10.80	2.60×2.39
Chenjiawo		V3155	O. complicidens	11.80	2.90×2.60
Yulin		C/100	O. complicidens	11.90	3.00×2.70
Malan		THP14208	O. teilhardi	10.30	2.30×2.15
Baihai		THP14191	O. teilhardi		2.35×2.05
YS5		V11200.1	O. teilhardi	9.80	2.35×2.25
YS99		V11202.1	O. teilhardi	10.30	2.35×2.27
YS6		V11204.1	O. teilhardi		2.30×2.15

Locality	Reference	Inventory number	Species	Dentary height at p4	p3 length×width
Yeka	This text	V34068.1	O. complicidens	9.00	2.20×2.00
Majuangou	Cai et al., 2008	V15270.1 V15270.2	O. complicidens		2.25×2.00
Majuangou	Cai et al., 2008	V15270.1 V15270.2	O. complicidens		2.50×2.30
Heshui	Wu and Flynn, 2017a	V4776	O. complicidens		2.25×2.05
Baihai		THP14190	O. complicidens	12.40	2.74×2.40
Qingyang(type)		THP25.918	O. complicidens		2.60×2.65
Gaozhuang		THP14242	O. complicidens	13.20	2.93×2.25
Loc. 18 of Zhoukoudian/ (Huiyu)		CP 110	O. complicidens	10.80	2.60×2.39
Chenjiawo		V3155	O. complicidens	11.80	2.90×2.60
Yulin		C/100	O. complicidens	11.90	3.00×2.70
Malan		THP14208	O. teilhardi	10.30	2.30×2.15
Baihai		THP14191	O. teilhardi		2.35×2.05
YS5		V11200.1	O. teilhardi	9.80	2.35×2.25
YS99		V11202.1	O. teilhardi	10.30	2.35×2.27
YS6		V11204.1	O. teilhardi		2.30×2.15

Locality	Reference	Inventory number	Species	Dentary height at p4	Dentary height at m1	Width of p3	Length of p3-4
Loc. 18 of Zhoukoudian	This text	RV42011.25	H. schreuderi	15.1	15.1	3.5	6.7
YS5	This text	V11224.2 (juvenile)	H. mazegouensis	12	12
Fanchang	This text	V13977.1 (Type)	H. fanchangensis	13.4	13.3	3.0	5.8
Wangbuding	Zong et al., 1996	HV7708	H. cf. H. schreuderi		13.5	3.2	6.2
Yeka	This text	V34069	H. cf. H. schreuderi	12.1		3.0	6.0

Locality	Reference	Inventory number	Species	Dentary height at p4	Dentary height at m1	Width of p3	Length of p3-4
Loc. 18 of Zhoukoudian	This text	RV42011.25	H. schreuderi	15.1	15.1	3.5	6.7
YS5	This text	V11224.2 (juvenile)	H. mazegouensis	12	12
Fanchang	This text	V13977.1 (Type)	H. fanchangensis	13.4	13.3	3.0	5.8
Wangbuding	Zong et al., 1996	HV7708	H. cf. H. schreuderi		13.5	3.2	6.2
Yeka	This text	V34069	H. cf. H. schreuderi	12.1		3.0	6.0

Species	Locality	References	M1
Species	Locality	References	Length	Width
aff. Paradoxurus sp.	Yeka	this text	9.3	>9.7
Paradoxurus cf. Par. hermaphroditus	Luobidong	Hao and Huang, 1998	6.3	7.9
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	Extant	Shou, 1964	6.8	8.1
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	OV1091(Extant)	this text	6.0	8.6
Paguma larvata	Danyang	Pei, 1940	6.4	8.6
Paguma larvata	Xianrendong	Huang and Ji, 1963	7.0	~7.9

滇西北香格里拉叶卡地点早更新哺乳动物化石

Early Pleistocene mammals from Yeka locality in Shangri-La, northwestern Yunnan

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Yeka (this paper)	Yeka (Zong, 1987a)	Zhongdian (Ma et al., 2004)
Rodentia	Rodentia	Rodentia
Arvicolidae	Arvicolidae	Hystricidae
Villanyia hengduanshanensis	Villanyia hengduanshanensis	Hystrix sp.
Mimomys (Cromeromys) gansunicus	Carnivora	Primates
Rhizomyidae	Canidae	Cercopithecidae
Rhizomys pruinosus	Canis sp.	Procynocephalus cf. P. wimani
Cricetidae	Felidae	Perissodactyla
Cricetinus varians	Metailurus? sp.	Equidae
Muridae	Hyaenidae	Equus yunnanensis
Apodemus latronum	Hyaena licenti	Rhinocerotidae indet.
Micromys minutus	Perissodactyla	Artiodactyla
Rattus pristinus	Equidae	Cervidae
Lagomorpha	Equus yunnanensis	Cervus (Rusa) yunnanensis
Ochotonidae	Artiodactyla	Cervavitus ultimus
Ochotonoides complicidens	Cervidae	Eucladoceros sp.
Leporidae	Pseudodama elegans	Muntiacus sp.
Hypolagus cf. H. schreuderi	Bovidae	Bovidae
Carnivora	Bovinae indet.	Gazella sp.
Viverridae	Gazella sp.	Leptobos sp.
aff. Paradoxurus sp.	Bos (Bibos) sp.
Canidae
Canis sp.
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Equus yunnanensis
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Axis cf. A. shansius
Bovidae
Ovis sp.
Leptobos sp.

Species	Boreal/Austral/Endemic	Localities	References
†Procynocephalus cf. P. wimani	Cosmopolitan (Austral+Boreal)	Zhongdian, Yunnan	Ma et al., 2004
		Fanchang, Anhui	Jin et al., 2000
		Wushan, Sichuan	Jin et al., 2000
		Xin’an, Henan	Schlosser, 1924
		Loc. 12. Zhoukoudian, Beijing	Teilhard de Chardin, 1938
		Beigudi(=Peikuti), Hebei	Young and Pei, 1933
		Wushan, Chongqing	Huang et al., 1991
†Villanyia hengduanshanensis	Endemic	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a; This paper
†Villanyia hengduanshanensis	Endemic	Dege, Sichuan	Zong et al., 1996
†Mimomys (Cromeromys) gansunicus	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Lingtai, Gansu	Zheng and Zhang, 2000
		Heshui, Gansu	Zheng, 1976
		Longdan, Gansu	Qiu et al., 2004
		Mianxian, Shaanxi	Tang et al., 1988
		Nihewan Basin, Hebei	Cai et al., 2007, 2008
		Yushe Basin, Shanxi	Zhang, 2017
		Fanchang, Anhui	Jin et al., 2009a
†Rhizomys pruinosus	Austral	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
†Rhizomys pruinosus	Austral	Chenggong, Yunnan	Qiu et al., 1984
†Cricetinus varians	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Zhoukoudian, Beijing	Zheng, 1984
		Lantian, Shaanxi	Chi, 1974; 1975; Hu and Qi, 1978
		Nihewan Basin, Hebei	Gai and Wei, 1977
		Anping, Liaoning	Zhang et al., 1980
		Xiaogushan, Liaoning	Zhang et al., 1985
		Hexian, Anhui	Zheng, 1983
		Wuhu, Anhui	Jin et al., 2004
		Fanchang, Anhui	Jin et al., 2009a
Apodemus latronum	Austral (fossil)	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Longgupo, Chongqing	Zheng, 1993
		Baotansi, Chongqing	Zheng, 1993
		Yanjinggou, Chongqing	Zheng, 1993
		Tianmen Cave, Guizhou	Zheng, 1993
		Tianqiao, Guizhou	Zheng, 1993
		Chuan Cave, Guizhou	Zheng, 1993
		Chenggong, Yunnan	Qiu et al., 1984
	Austral (extant)	Gansu, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Hubei	Wei et al., 2022
Micromys minutus	Austral (fossil)	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Chenggong, Yunnan	Qiu et al., 1984
		Yushe Basin, Shanxi	Wu et al., 2017
		Puding, Guizhou	Zheng, 1993
		Jianshi, Hubei	Zheng, 2004
		Panxian, Guizhou	Zhang et al., 1997
		Fusui, Guangxi	Wang et al., 2021
	Cosmopolitan (extant)	Hei longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Taiwan	Wei et al., 2022
†Rattus pristinus	Austral	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Fanchang, Anhui	Jin et al., 2009a
†Ochotonoides complicidens	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Qingyang, Gansu	Boule and Teilhard de Chardin, 1928
		Nihewan Basin, Hebei	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau, 1930
		Yulin, Shaanxi	Teilhard de Chardin and Young, 1931
		Jingle, Shanxi	Teilhard de Chardin and Young, 1931
		Loc. 18. Zhoukoudian, Beijing	Teilhard de Chardin, 1940
		Yushe Basin, Shanxi	Teilhard de Chardin, 1942; Wu and Flynn, 2017a
		Dalian, Liaoning	Jin et al., 2021
		Lantian, Shaanxi	Chow and Li, 1965; Ji, 1976; Hu and Qi, 1978
		Heshui, Gansu	Zheng, 1976
		Luochuan, Shaanxi	Zheng et al., 1985b
		Guide, Qinghai	Zheng et al., 1985a
		Dali, Shaanxi	Wang, 1988
		Yunxian, Hubei	Liu and Zheng, 1997
		Lingtai, Gansu	Zheng and Zhang, 2000, 2001; Erbajeva and Zheng, 2005
†Hypolagus cf. H. schreuderi	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Dege, Sichuan	Zong et al., 1996
		Zhoukoudian, Beijing	Teilhard de Chardin, 1940
aff. Paradoxurus sp.	Austral	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Bubing Basin, Guangxi	Wang et al., 2007
		Tiandong, Guangxi	Chen et al., 2002
		Lufeng, Yunnan	Qi, 1985
Metailurus? sp.	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a
		Baode, Shanxi	Zdansky, 1924
		Qingyang, Gansu	Zdansky, 1924
		Xinan, Henan	Zdansky, 1924
		Dege, Sichuan	Zong et al., 1996
		Yushe Basin, Shanxi	Chang and Liu, 1964
		Jingle, Shanxi	Chen, 1994
		Yuanmou, Yunnan	Zong and Jiang, 1991
†Pachycrocuta pyrenaica	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a
		Dege, Sichuan	Zong et al., 1996
		Wushan, Chongqing	Huang and Fang, 1991
		Nihewan Basin, Hebei	Liu et al., 2022
		Yushe Basin, Shanxi	Qiu, 1987
†Equus yunnanensis	Austral	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a; This paper
		Zhongdian, Yunnan	Ma et al., 2004
		Yuanmou, Yunnan	Liu and You, 1974
		Liucheng, Guangxi	Pei, 1961
		Jianshi, Hubei	Xu et al., 1974
		Yunxian, Hubei	Li et al., 1994
		Yanyuan, Sichuan	Zong, 1987b
		Wushan, Chongqing	Huang and Fang, 1991
†Axis shansius	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Nihewan Basin	Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau, 1930
		Yushe Basin	Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1937
		Xihoudu, Shanxi	Chia and Wang, 1978
		Lantian, Shaanxi	Chi, 1975
		Yuanmou, Yunnan	Lin et al., 1978
		Tangshan, Nanjing	Dong and Fang, 2004
		Xuchang, Henan	Dong and Li, 2009
		Dalian, Liaoning	Liu et al., 2017; Bai et al., 2017
		Tianzhen, Shanxi	Dong et al., 2020
†Leptobos sp.	Cosmopolitan	Nixi, Yunnan	This paper
		Lantian, Shaanxi	Hu and Qi, 1978; Chi, 1975
		Xihoudu, Shanxi	Chia and Wang, 1978
		Longdan, Gansu	Qiu et al., 2004; Li, 2015
		Fanchang, Anhui	Dong et al., 2009
		Jianshi, Hubei	Chen, 2004
†Pseudodama elegans	Boreal	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a
†Pseudodama elegans	Boreal	Nihewan Basin, Hebei	Teilhard and Piveteau, 1930
†Cervus (Rusa) yunnanensis	Austral	Nixi, Yunnan	Zong, 1987a
		Zhongdian, Yunnan	Ma et al., 2004
		Yuanmou, Yunnan	Lin et al., 1978
		Jianshi, Hubei	Chen, 2004
		Liucheng, Guangxi	Han, 1987
		Chongzuo, Guangxi	Jin et al., 2009b
†Cervavitus ultimus	Cosmopolitan	Zhongdian, Yunnan	Ma et al., 2004
		Tangshan, Nanjing	Dong and Fang, 2004
		Wushan, Chongqing	Huang and Fang, 1991
		Yuanmou, Yunnan	Liu and You, 1974

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