泥河湾盆地山神庙咀遗址早更新世中-小型牛科动物化石新材料

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220413

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山神庙咀是泥河湾盆地新发现的早更新世遗址,该遗址产出丰富多样的哺乳动物化石,其中包括如下属种的中-小型牛科动物：翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus wongi), 中国羚羊(Gazella sinensis), 山东绵羊(Ovis shantungensis)和皮氏巨羊(Megalovis piveteaui); 中国羚羊是其中化石最丰富者。前两种化石主要以角心和头骨及下颌为主,此外,4个种都有掌骨和/或蹠骨发现。依据角心特征不难将有关类别鉴定到种一级,而对于牙齿及头后骨骼而言,要想确切鉴定是有一定困难的。在头后骨骼中,掌、蹠骨最值得关注,它不仅对属种鉴定有重要价值,而且对重建系统演化关系及解释古生态适应都是重要证据。修正了前人错误鉴定的泥河湾牛科动物的掌、蹠骨。山神庙咀动物群中的牛科动物以羚羊和野牛为主,表明泥河湾盆地在早更新世期间以草原环境为主导。

关键词: 泥河湾山神庙咀, 早更新世, 中-小型牛科动物, 新化石

Abstract:

Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin in North China is a recently discovered Early Pleistocene site which yields rich and diverse mammalian fossils. In the fauna, the small and medium-sized bovid fossils are well represented and can be referred to the following taxa: Spirocerus wongi, Gazella sinensis, Ovis shantungensis and Megalovis piveteaui respectively, among which G. sinensis is the dominate species. S. wongi and G. sinensis are mainly represented by horn-cores and partial skull bones as well as mandibles; in addition, metacarpal and/or metatarsal bones were also recognized for all of the four species. The horn-cores are easy to be identified to the species level, while the dentitions and the postcranial bones underwent a series of examinations and comparisons before getting properly determined and referred to the most approximate taxa. Among the postcranial bones, the metapodials, especially to the metacarpal bones special attentions were paid, which are crucial not only for taxonomic identification, but also for phylogenetic and paleoecological reconstructions; the previously misidentified metapodial specimens in Nihewan fauna were reconsidered in this paper. In the SSMZ fauna, the bovid guild is dominated by Gazella and Bison, which indicates steppe was the most important biome in Nihewan Basin during Early Pleistocene.

Key words: Shanshenmiaozui,Nihewa,China, Early Pleistocene, small-medium bovid, new fossils

中图分类号:

Q915.876

同号文, 张贝, 陈曦, 王晓敏. 泥河湾盆地山神庙咀遗址早更新世中-小型牛科动物化石新材料. 古脊椎动物学报, 2022, 60(2): 134-168.

TONG Hao-Wen, ZHANG Bei, CHEN Xi, WANG Xiao-Min. New fossils of small and medium-sized bovids from the Early Site of Shanshenmiaozui in Nihewan Basin, North China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2022, 60(2): 134-168.

图/表 17

参考文献 85

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Materials	Field No.	Catalog No. (IVPP)	Context information
Spirocerus wongi
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-07-122	V 28650	E4-8
Juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1	N-06-135	V 28651	E13-5
Left mandible with dp2-m1	N-06-167	V 28652.1	E14-4
Partial right mandible with dp2-m1	N-06-178	V 28652.2	E14-4
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-16-046	V 28653	I20-12
Left Mc III+IV	N-11-209	V 28655	H20-9
Right naviculo-cuboid	N-11-042-2	V 28656.1	G21-7
The fused 2nd+3rd tarsals	N-11-042-3	V 28656.2	H20-9
The 1st tarsal	N-11-042-4	V 28656.3	G21-7
Right Mt III+IV	N-11-042-1	V 28656.4	G21-7
Gazella sinensis
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-11-273	V 28657	H22-9
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-06-128	V 28658	E14-2
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-06-237A	V 28659.1	D10-6
Right horn-core	N-06-237B	V 28659.2	D10-6
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-06-166	V 28660	E14-4
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-08-04 (02)	V 28661	H15-2?
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-08-037	V 28662	H16-3
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-08-078	V 28663	G15-6
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-16-029	V 28664	I20-10
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-17-050	V 28665	J15-13
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-17-052	V 28666	J16-13
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-17-064	V 28667	I16-13
Left horn-core	N-07-60	V 28668	E16-11
Left horn-core	N-17-067	V 28669	J16-14
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-18-75	V 28670	I11-13
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-18-85	V 28671	I12-13
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-18-168	V 28672	K13-17
Partial maxilla with P3-M1	2007.9.1	V 28673	F19-1
Partial maxilla with M1-3	N-17-176	V 28674	K16-17
Partial right mandible with p2-m3	N-06-220	V 28675	E12-5
Partial left mandible with p2-p3, m1-3	N-06-222	V 28676	D12-5
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-08-048	V 28677	H15-4
Partial left mandible with p4-m3	N-08-068	V 28678	H16-4
Partial right mandible with p3-m3	N-08-067	V 28679	H16-4
Partial left mandible with p2-m3	N-08-069	V 28680	H15-5
Partial right mandible with p2, p4-m3	N-11-250-1	V 28681.1	F20-9
Partial left mandible with p2-m3	N-11-250-2	V 28681.2	F20-9
Left mandible with p3-m3	N-16-086	V 28682	K23-13
Partial left mandible with p4-m3	N-17-081	V 28683	I16-14
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-17-162	V 28684	K16-17
Left mandible with dp2-4, m1-2	N-17-164-g	V 28685.1	K16-17
Right mandible with dp2-4, m1-2	N-17-164-d	V 28685.2	K16-17
Partial mandible with p4-m3	N-17-177	V 28686	K16-17
Left humerus (distal)	N-11-174	V 28687	F20-9
Left Mc III+IV	N-15-050	V 28688	H30-3
3rd phalanx	N-15-028	V 28689	G29-4
Left naviculo-cuboid	N-15-125	V 28690	H30-6
Distal part of left tibia	N-15-246	V 28691	F30-3
Left astragalus	N-15-244	V 28692	G29-3
Materials	Field No.	Catalog No. (IVPP)	Context information
Ovis shantungensis
Partial maxilla with left DP4-M1, right DP2-M1	N-07-069-A+B	V 28693	F17-1
Nearly complete left Mc III+IV	N-11-179	V 28694	H23-9
Megalovis piveteaui
Left radius	N-16-051	V 28654	I20-12
Right Mc III+IV	N-17-017	V 28695	I17-10

Materials	Field No.	Catalog No. (IVPP)	Context information
Spirocerus wongi
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-07-122	V 28650	E4-8
Juvenile maxilla with DP2-M1	N-06-135	V 28651	E13-5
Left mandible with dp2-m1	N-06-167	V 28652.1	E14-4
Partial right mandible with dp2-m1	N-06-178	V 28652.2	E14-4
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-16-046	V 28653	I20-12
Left Mc III+IV	N-11-209	V 28655	H20-9
Right naviculo-cuboid	N-11-042-2	V 28656.1	G21-7
The fused 2nd+3rd tarsals	N-11-042-3	V 28656.2	H20-9
The 1st tarsal	N-11-042-4	V 28656.3	G21-7
Right Mt III+IV	N-11-042-1	V 28656.4	G21-7
Gazella sinensis
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-11-273	V 28657	H22-9
Partial skull with horn-cores	N-06-128	V 28658	E14-2
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-06-237A	V 28659.1	D10-6
Right horn-core	N-06-237B	V 28659.2	D10-6
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-06-166	V 28660	E14-4
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-08-04 (02)	V 28661	H15-2?
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-08-037	V 28662	H16-3
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-08-078	V 28663	G15-6
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-16-029	V 28664	I20-10
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-17-050	V 28665	J15-13
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-17-052	V 28666	J16-13
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-17-064	V 28667	I16-13
Left horn-core	N-07-60	V 28668	E16-11
Left horn-core	N-17-067	V 28669	J16-14
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-18-75	V 28670	I11-13
Partial skull with right horn-core	N-18-85	V 28671	I12-13
Partial skull with left horn-core	N-18-168	V 28672	K13-17
Partial maxilla with P3-M1	2007.9.1	V 28673	F19-1
Partial maxilla with M1-3	N-17-176	V 28674	K16-17
Partial right mandible with p2-m3	N-06-220	V 28675	E12-5
Partial left mandible with p2-p3, m1-3	N-06-222	V 28676	D12-5
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-08-048	V 28677	H15-4
Partial left mandible with p4-m3	N-08-068	V 28678	H16-4
Partial right mandible with p3-m3	N-08-067	V 28679	H16-4
Partial left mandible with p2-m3	N-08-069	V 28680	H15-5
Partial right mandible with p2, p4-m3	N-11-250-1	V 28681.1	F20-9
Partial left mandible with p2-m3	N-11-250-2	V 28681.2	F20-9
Left mandible with p3-m3	N-16-086	V 28682	K23-13
Partial left mandible with p4-m3	N-17-081	V 28683	I16-14
Partial right mandible with p4-m3	N-17-162	V 28684	K16-17
Left mandible with dp2-4, m1-2	N-17-164-g	V 28685.1	K16-17
Right mandible with dp2-4, m1-2	N-17-164-d	V 28685.2	K16-17
Partial mandible with p4-m3	N-17-177	V 28686	K16-17
Left humerus (distal)	N-11-174	V 28687	F20-9
Left Mc III+IV	N-15-050	V 28688	H30-3
3rd phalanx	N-15-028	V 28689	G29-4
Left naviculo-cuboid	N-15-125	V 28690	H30-6
Distal part of left tibia	N-15-246	V 28691	F30-3
Left astragalus	N-15-244	V 28692	G29-3
Materials	Field No.	Catalog No. (IVPP)	Context information
Ovis shantungensis
Partial maxilla with left DP4-M1, right DP2-M1	N-07-069-A+B	V 28693	F17-1
Nearly complete left Mc III+IV	N-11-179	V 28694	H23-9
Megalovis piveteaui
Left radius	N-16-051	V 28654	I20-12
Right Mc III+IV	N-17-017	V 28695	I17-10

Dimensions	S. wongi	S. wongi	S. wongi	S. peii	S. kiakhtensis
Dimensions	This paper	Teilhard and Piveteau (1930)	Bai et al. (2019)	Young (1932)	Dong et al. (2009)
Total length	283	290	264.3-353.8 (288.8)^&	270	151-160. 9^#
Diameter of horn-core base (APD)	64.0-64.2	57-60	51.6-80.2	55	35.9^#
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD)	49.3-51.4		43.5-54.5
Angle of divergence of horn-cores	50°	57°*	about 70°		50°^#
Cranial width at the horn bases	149.0	144*	134.1
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes	65.6	100*	51.7		64.2^#
Distance between the supraorbital foramina (upper margin)	86.7	68.5*	63.2

Dimensions	S. wongi	S. wongi	S. wongi	S. peii	S. kiakhtensis
Dimensions	This paper	Teilhard and Piveteau (1930)	Bai et al. (2019)	Young (1932)	Dong et al. (2009)
Total length	283	290	264.3-353.8 (288.8)^&	270	151-160. 9^#
Diameter of horn-core base (APD)	64.0-64.2	57-60	51.6-80.2	55	35.9^#
Latero-medial diameter of horn-core base (TD)	49.3-51.4		43.5-54.5
Angle of divergence of horn-cores	50°	57°*	about 70°		50°^#
Cranial width at the horn bases	149.0	144*	134.1
Minimum distance between inner margins of horn processes	65.6	100*	51.7		64.2^#
Distance between the supraorbital foramina (upper margin)	86.7	68.5*	63.2

Species		S. wongi	S. wongi	S. wongi	S. peii	S. kiakhtensis	S. kiakhtensis	Ovis shantungensis
Sources		This paper	Teilhard & Piveteau (1930)	Bai et al. (2019)	Young (1932)	Boule et al. (1928)	Dong et al. (2009)	This paper
DP2	L	14.2-14.5	13				10.5	9.5
	W	10-10.2	8				7.7	7.4
DP3	L	19.9-20.3	19-23				12.5	14.8
	W	13.6-14.2	10-12				11.1	12.8
DP4	L	23.5-23.7	22-24				16.5	18.0-18.5
	W	16.8-18.1	12				13.6	15.1-15.5
DP2-4	L	56.2-57.4	52				39.4	41.9
M1	L	26.6-26.7	19?				19.5-24.9	24.0-24.3
	W	15.3	15?				18.2-23.9?	15.7-15.8
dp2	L	10.5-10.8
	W	6.6-6.7
dp3	L	16.4-16.6
	W	9.2
dp4	L	28.2-28.5
	W	11.3-11.6
p4	L	13.6	13-15	17.1	12	15
	W	8.4	9	8.3	9	9
m1	L	17.9	13-20	17.2	15	25?
	W	12.3	11-14	10.7	11	11
m2	L	23.2	21-26	21.6	21	26
	W	12.6	12-13	10.7	11.5	13
m3	L	32.2	32	30.2	32
	W	11.7	11-13	10.1	12