云南昭通早泥盆世四足形类奇异东生鱼后顶甲及脑颅耳枕区化石兼论早期四足形类脑颅特征演化

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.181031

古脊椎动物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (2): 93-104.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.181031

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云南昭通早泥盆世四足形类奇异东生鱼后顶甲及脑颅耳枕区化石兼论早期四足形类脑颅特征演化

卢静¹^,²(), GavinYOUNG³, 胡雨致³^,⁴, 乔妥¹^,², 朱敏¹^,²^,⁵()

1 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室北京 100044
2 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心北京 100044
3 澳大利亚国立大学物理与机械学院应用数学系堪培拉 ACT 2601
4 澳大利亚国立大学地球科学院堪培拉 ACT 2601
5 中国科学院大学北京 100049

收稿日期:2018-08-25 出版日期:2019-04-20 发布日期:2019-04-20
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(批准号)(41872023);国家自然科学基金面上项目(批准号)(41472016);中国科学院前沿科学重点研究计划项目(编号)资助(QYZDB-SSW-DQC040)

The posterior cranial portion of the earliest known tetrapodomorph Tungsenia paradoxa and the early evolution of tetrapodomorph endocrania

LU Jing¹^,²(), Gavin YOUNG³, HU Yu-Zhi³^,⁴, QIAO Tuo¹^,², ZHU Min¹^,²^,⁵()

1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China
2 CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044, China
3 Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
4 Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China

Received:2018-08-25 Published:2019-04-20 Online:2019-04-20
Contact: zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn
^*lujing@ivpp.ac.cn,
zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn
^*lujing@ivpp.ac.cn,

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

首次报道了产于云南昭通早泥盆世布拉格期(约4.09亿年前)最古老的四足形类——奇异东生鱼(Tungsenia paradoxa)头后半部耳枕区的化石材料。东生鱼的耳枕区特征与早期的肺鱼形类,如杨氏鱼非常相似(如具发育的颈下脊,向耳突,以及不发育的桥窝等), 同时也展示出与之后更为进步的四足形类相似的特征(如背侧动脉汇合于颅后,具分离的腹中板等)。这些特征的镶嵌为厘清早期四足形类脑颅特征的获得序列提供了重要的数据。将新获得的东生鱼形态数据加入包含主要早期四足形类分类单元及形态特征的矩阵中进行系统发育分析,结果仍支持东生鱼位于四足动物支系最基干位置。东生鱼耳枕区新材料的发现填补了对早期四足形类脑颅耳枕区结构认识的空白,为认识四足形类后顶甲膜质骨型式及脑颅耳枕区的特征演化提供了新的证据。

关键词: 云南, 早泥盆世, 肉鳍鱼类, 四足形类, 脑颅演化

Abstract:

Here the posterior cranial portion of the tetrapodomorph Tungsenia from the Lower Devonian (Pragian, ~409 million years ago) of Yunnan, southwest China, is reported for the first time. The pattern of posterior skull roof and the morphology of the otoccipital region of the neurocranium are described in detail, providing precious insight into the combination of cranial characters of the earliest known tetrapodomorph to date. The posterior cranium of Tungsenia displays a mosaic of features previously linked either to basal dipnomorphs such as Youngolepis (e.g., the well-developed subjugular ridge, the strong adotic process, and the poorly developed fossa bridgei) or to typical tetrapodomorphs (e.g., the lateral dorsal aortae commenced from the median dorsal aorta postcranially). The independent ventral arcual plate is also found in the advanced tetrapodomorph Eusthenopteron. The new endocranial material of Tungsenia further fills in the morphological gap between Tetrapodomorpha (tetrapod lineage) and Dipnomorpha (lungfish lineage) and unveils the sequence of character acquisition during the initial diversification of the tetrapod lineage. The new phylogenetic analysis strongly supports the basalmost position of Tungsenia amongst the tetrapod lineage.

Key words: Yunnan, Early Devonian, Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha, endocranial character transition

中图分类号:

Q915.862

卢静, GavinYOUNG, 胡雨致, 乔妥, 朱敏. 云南昭通早泥盆世四足形类奇异东生鱼后顶甲及脑颅耳枕区化石兼论早期四足形类脑颅特征演化. 古脊椎动物学报, 2019, 57(2): 93-104.

LU Jing, Gavin YOUNG, HU Yu-Zhi, QIAO Tuo, ZHU Min. The posterior cranial portion of the earliest known tetrapodomorph Tungsenia paradoxa and the early evolution of tetrapodomorph endocrania. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2019, 57(2): 93-104.

图/表 5

Fig. 1 Photos of the new postparietal shield (IVPP V 15132.50) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views Abbreviations: bs.fn. basicranial fenestra; cr.par. crista parotica; gr.a.dl. groove for lateral dorsal aorta; lc. lateral commissure; lcc. main lateral line canal; nc. notochord; ot.sh. otic shelf; r.sub. subjugular ridge; St. supratemporal; v.ar.pl. ventral arcual plate; v.font. vestibular fontanelle

Fig. 2 Illustrative drawings of the posterior cranial portion of Tungsenia paradoxa (IVPP V 15132.50) A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. the restoration of the whole shield showing the length proportion of the parietal shield vs the postparietal shield Abbreviations: c.ju. jugular canal; pr.ad. adotic process For other abbreviations see Fig. 1. (C) is not to scale

Fig. 3 Rendered posterior cranial portion (IVPP V 15132.50) and comparisons of selected rhipidistian endocrania in posterior view A. right lateral view of Tungsenia; B. posterior view of Tungsenia; C. line drawing of the endocranium of Youngolepis in posterior view, modified from Chang, 1982; D. line drawing of the endocranium of Tungsenia in posterior view; E. line drawing of the endocranium of Gogonasus in posterior view, modified from Long et al., 1997. Abbreviations: c.X. canal for vagus nerve; f.br. fossa bridgei; fm. foramen magnum; f.occ.lat. lateral occipital fissure; f.tect. fossa tectosynotica; pdf. posterior dorsal fontanelle; poc. postotic sensory canal; pr.pot. postotical process. For other abbreviations see Figs. 1, 2. Not to scale

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic analysis with new codings of Tungsenia paradoxa shown in the strict consensus tree and one selected shortest tree A. the strict consensus tree of the 24 shortest trees; B. one selected shortest tree the same as 50% majority-rule tree showing the apomorphic features at different nodes. More details see on-line supplementary appendix 2

Fig. 5 Comparisons of rhipidistian neurocrania in ventral view A. Youngolepis (after Chang, 1982); B. Gogonasus andrewsae (after Long et al., 1997); C. Tungsenia paradoxa; D. Eusthenopteron foordi (after Jarvik, 1980) Abbreviations: art.eth. ethmoid articulation for the palatoquadrate; c.hyp. canal for buccohypophysial duct; c.ju. jugular canal; cr.pend. crista suspendens; f.c.i. foramen for the internal carotid artery; fe.exa. fenestra exonarina anterior; fe.v. fenestra ventralis; gr.a.ci. groove for the internal carotid artery; gr.a.dm. groove for median dorsal aorta; hf.d. dorsal hyomandibular facet; hf.v. ventral hyomandibular facet; ins.bcm. insertion area for the basicranial muscle; P. parasphenoid; sp. space; te.o. orbital tectum For other abbreviations, see Figs. 1 and 2. Not to scale

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云南昭通早泥盆世四足形类奇异东生鱼后顶甲及脑颅耳枕区化石兼论早期四足形类脑颅特征演化

The posterior cranial portion of the earliest known tetrapodomorph Tungsenia paradoxa and the early evolution of tetrapodomorph endocrania

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