# Calculated by the first author of this paper; mean values in parentheses. ...

The history of the origin, evolution and dispersal of the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal complex in Eurasia (large mammals)

1999

... Spirocerus was established by Boule and Teilhard de Chardin in 1928, and included the specimens from Sjara-osso-gol (=Salawusu) of Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) to it. Later on, the similar fossils from Nihewan (Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau, 1930) and Yushe (Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1938) also were referred to this genus. Spirocerus was originally included into the subfamily Tragelaphinae by Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert (1938), later on, it was referred to the subfamily Caprine (Sokolov, 1953); while currently it is usually placed in the subfamily Antilopinae (McKenna and Bell, 1997; http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=68446). More recent assignment is to Bovinae (Bai et al., 2019). Up to now, the classifications of Spirocerus at the species level are mainly based on horn-core characters, which caused quite a lot of confusions. Kahlke (1999) proposed that the most primitive Spirocerus with only anterior carena should be referred to S. wongi. Concerning the bicarinate forms with longer and slender horn-cores, the stratigraphically older ones can be referred to S. kiakhtensis peii, while the younger materials with correspondingly shorter and more massive horn-cores to S. kiakhtensis kiakhtensis. Moreover, all of the species of Spirocerus have heteronymous spiraled horns. ...

Revision of some Late Miocene spiral horned antelopes (Bovidae, Mammalia)

2004

... Comparison and discussion The degree and direction of horn-core torsion, the type of spiraling and the development and position of the keels are the crucial characters to classify the fossil spiral-horned antelopes (Kostopoulos, 2004). In the early publications, the torsion direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) always means for the right horn (Pilgrim, 1939). Moreover, the recent publications prefer to use “homonymous” and “heteronymous”, if the left horn twists clockwise, the horns are termed homonymous, or else it’s heteronymous. ...

Revision of phylogenetic relationships in the Antilopinae Subfamily on the basis of the mitochondrial rRNA and β-Spectrin nuclear gene sequences

2003

... The suprageneric classification of Bovidae is after Pilgrim (1939), Sokolov (1953), Gentry (1992, 2010), McKenna and Bell (1997), Vrba and Schaller (2000), Grubb (2001), Matthee and Davis (2001), Kuznetsova and Kholodova (2003), Hassanin et al. (2012); the taxonomy at generic level is after Groves (2014) and Castelló (2016); the classification of the local Antilopinae and Caprinae is after Jiang (2004). ...

“Gazella” (Mammalia: Bovidae) from the Late Miocene Qingyang area, Gansu, China

2018

... Comparisons and discussions Premolars are crucial for taxonomic identification for the gazelles, especially the tooth structures of the lower p4 which is usually regarded as the most practical tooth in taxonomic distinctions (Boule et al., 1928; Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau, 1930; Gentry, 1966; Janis and Lister, 1985; Chen, 1997). Among all the Gazella species, including both extant and fossil forms, the lower p4 usually has open lingual valleys (Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau, 1930; Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1938; Zhang and Yang, 2016; Li et al., 2018) (Fig. 7M, 8E), except G. sinensis (Fig. 7C4, D3, F-J; 8A) and G. yushensis Chen, 1997; whereas the Capra species usually has the anterior valley closed in p4, i.e. paraconid and metaconid joined to form a continuous anterolingual wall (Fig. 7O), and the posterior valley sometimes is also closed. Among all the Gazella species, G. sinensis has the most complicated lower p3, some of which have the anterior valleys partially closed lower in crown, and all the cuspids and stylids are well developed, especially the parastylid is very robust, and the metaconid is the most developed relative to other compared Asian gazelles’ (Fig. 8A); but most p3s have their lingual valleys open. Because of the preorbital fossa, the fossils represented by G. sinensis were included into the genus Gazella; on the other hand, its lower p4 has closed anterior valley, which is a crucial character of Procapra; therefore, the species G. sinensis was considered as the direct ancestor of Procapra (Sokolov and Lushchekina, 1997). ...

The Pliocene lacustrine series in central Shansi

1935

... In China, Nihewan Basin and Yushe Basin are the most important fossiliferous spots for Late Cenozoic bovids, but the latter’s bovid fauna is much more diversified (Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1938) than the former’s. In Yushe Basin of Shanxi Province, the late Cenozoic deposits were subdivided into three biostratigraphical zones from bottom to top: Zone I, Zone II and Zone III (Licent and Trassaert, 1935; Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1938; Tedford et al., 1991); the Zone III shares almost all of its faunal members with the Nihewan fauna. In regard to the bovid taxa, only the advanced and relict ones of each group of Yushe Basin also appear in the Nihewan Basin; the relict elements include Gazella, Antilospira and Megalovis; the newly appeared taxa include Spirocerus, Ovis and Bison. The recently discovered fauna in Jinyuan Cave in Dalian of Liaoning Province bears a very similar bovid assemblage (Jin et al., 2021) with the Nihewan fauna. ...

The morphology of the lower fourth premolar as a taxonomic character in the Ruminantia (Mammalia; Artiodactyla), and the systematic position of Triceromeryx

1985

... Lower teeth: The lower premolars are less hypsodont than those of the caprinines, but complicatedly constructed, except p2 which is simply constructed and prominently smaller than the other two (Table 6). Lower p3 and p4 has the similar structure, both of them are elongated but p3 has the lingual wall open both mesially and distally (Fig. 7C4, D1, G-H), sometimes with the anterior valley partially closed (Figs. 7D1; 8A); on the other hand, the p4 only has the posterior valley open, like a narrow groove (Figs. 7C4, D3, F-J; 8A) and coincides with the type 5 of p4 patterns proposed by Janis and Lister (1985). Each premolar has two roots. Lower molars are elongate and with developed goat folds, but lack basal pillars; m1 and m2 are very similar in size and shape; m3 has three lobes, but the third lobe has very shallow infundibulum. Molars are quite hypsodont. The m1 and m2 with two roots, but m3 has three roots. ...

Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Xiashagou Fauna and implication for sequencing the mammalian faunas in the Nihewan Basin, North China

2012

... The SSMZ site lies at the neighboring hill of Xiaochangliang, a well-known Paleolithic Site in Nihewan Basin. Based on the stratigraphic correlation in the field, the fossil-bearing sand-silt bed at SSMZ site is a little higher than the cultural layer at XCL site (Tong et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012), whose paleomagnetic age is about 1.36 Ma BP (Zhu et al., 2001). On the other hand, the SSMZ fauna is very similar with the classical Nihewan fauna in faunal composition, which means the SSMZ fauna should have an approximate age as the latter based on faunal correlation (Tong et al., 2021), whose recent dating result is 2.2-1.7 Ma (Liu et al., 2012). ...

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