陕西北部子长涧峪岔简齿始鼢鼠Eospalax simplicidens(啮齿目：鼹型鼠科)新材料
收稿日期: 2025-06-18
网络出版日期: 2025-12-02
基金资助
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0804500);国家自然科学基金重点项目(42430207)
New material of Eospalax simplicidens (Spalacidae, Rodentia) from Jianyucha, Zichang, northern Shaanxi
Received date: 2025-06-18
Online published: 2025-12-02
始鼢鼠属(Eospalax)是鼢鼠亚科两个仅存的现生属中的一员，其种类丰富。该属的每个种都具有较易区分的颅牙形态特征和不同的时空分布。因此，始鼢鼠属可以作为东亚第四纪研究中生物年代和古环境判断的代表性类群。最近在陕西省北部的子长县涧峪岔镇发现了始鼢鼠属的一件头骨及其关联的下颌化石，这些化石产自下更新统三门组的下部砾岩层。对此件标本进行了详细研究，根据牙齿形态将之归入已绝灭的简齿始鼢鼠(E. simplicidens)中。涧峪岔简齿始鼢鼠的发现不仅为该种的头骨形态特征提供了补充，还扩展了其地理分布。研究发现，简齿始鼢鼠的外耳道位置明显比其他鼢鼠种类更靠后背侧，更类似于非洲鼹形鼠(Tachyoryctes)和竹鼠族(Rhizomyini), 这表明简齿始鼢鼠与后两者之间在颅骨形态上可能存在保留祖征(plesiomorphy)或趋同演化的现象。此外，陕西蓝田公王岭的一件头骨(IVPP V5398.1)和4件上颌(V5398.2)之前被归入东方鼢鼠Myospalax fontanieri, 河南新安金沟的一件头骨(IVPP RV35055)之前被归入简齿始鼢鼠，它们分别被重新归入灵台始鼢鼠E. lingtaiensis和杨氏始鼢鼠E. youngianus。还尝试对始鼢鼠各化石种的体重进行了估算，结果显示，灵台始鼢鼠和简齿始鼢鼠都是小型鼢鼠，体重估算值分别为小于300 g和接近300 g。
常美静 , 史勤勤 , 倪喜军 , 李强 . 陕西北部子长涧峪岔简齿始鼢鼠Eospalax simplicidens(啮齿目：鼹型鼠科)新材料[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 2026 , 64(1) : 26 -46 . DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.251201
Eospalax, one of the only two extant genera within the Myospalacinae, has a high species richness. Each species is distinguished by unique cranial and dental morphologies, as well as variations in temporal and spatial distribution. Consequently, Eospalax serves as a reliable indicator for the biochronologic and paleoenvironmental studies of the Quaternary of East Asia. A recent discovery of a complete fossil skull in a conglomerate deposit, a part of the Lower Pleistocene Sanmen Formation, near Jianyucha Town, Zichang County, northern Shaanxi Province, has been subjected to a detailed analysis. The specimens were identified as Eospalax simplicidens, an extinct species of Eospalax, based on dental morphology. The recent discovery of E. simplicidens in Jianyucha offers significant insights into the species’ cranial morphology and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of its geographical distribution. The distinctive feature of the posterodorsal location of the external acoustic meatus indicates either a plesiomorphy or an evolutionary convergence among E. simplicidens, African root rats (Tachyoryctes), and bamboo rats (Rhizomyini). A skull (IVPP V5398.1) and four upper jaws (V5398.2) from Gongwangling in Lantian, Shaanxi, previously identified as Myospalax fontanieri, is transferred to the species E. lingtaiensis. A skull (IVPP RV35055) from Jingou, Xin’an, Henan, previously identified as E. simplicidens, is transferred to the species E. youngianus. In this study, body mass estimates are made for extinct Eospalax. Both E. lingtaiensis and E. simplicidens are small-sized zokors, with an estimated body mass of less than or approximately 300 g, respectively.
| [1] | Allen J A, 1909. Mammals from Shen-si Province, China. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 26: 425-430 |
| [2] | Allen G M, 1940. The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Part 2. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. 1-1350 |
| [3] | Alston E R, 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proc Zool Soc Lond, 44: 61-98 |
| [4] | Bezuidenhout A J, Evans H E, 2005. Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence: Allen Press. 1-180 |
| [5] | BGMRSP (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shaanxi Province), 1989. Regional Geology of Shaanxi Province. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1-705 |
| [6] | Brook F, Tomasco I H, Gonzalez B et al., 2022. A new species of Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) from Patagonia related to C. sociabilis. J Mamm Evol, 29: 237-258 |
| [7] | Chaline J, Mein P, Petter F, 1977. Les grandes lignes d’une classification evolutive des Muroidea. Mammalia, 41: 245-252 |
| [8] | Ellerman J R, 1940. The Families and Genera of Living Rodents, Vol. I. London: British Museum of Natural History. 1-689 |
| [9] | Ellerman J R, 1941. The Families and Genera of Living Rodents, Vol. II. London: British Museum of Natural History. 1-690 |
| [10] | Evans H E, de Lahunta A, 2013. Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. St. Louis: Elsevier. 1-850 |
| [11] | Flynn L J, 2009. The antiquity of Rhizomys and independent acquisition of fossorial traits in subterranean muroids. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 331: 128-156 |
| [12] | Freudenthal M, Martin-Suarez E, 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scrip Geol, 145: 1-130 |
| [13] | Golovanov S E, Zazhigin V S, 2025. Structure and evolution of hypsodont molars in the zokors (Myospalacidae, Rodentia) of North Asia during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Pap Palaeontol, 11: e70024 |
| [14] | Hu C K, Qi T, 1978. Gongwangling Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna of Lantian, Shaanxi. Beijing: Science Press. 1-64 |
| [15] | Isarankura Na Ayudhya J, Wannaprasert T, 2020. Tooth morphology and enamel microstructure of the lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius). Mamm Study, 45: 219-228 |
| [16] | Jansa S A, Weksler M, 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 31: 256-276 |
| [17] | Kretzoi M, 1961. Zwei Myospalaciden aus Nord China. Vert Hung, 3: 123-136 |
| [18] | Leroy P, 1941. Observations on living Chinese mole-rats. Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol, 10: 167-193 |
| [19] | Lin G H, Wang K, Deng X G et al., 2014. Transcriptome sequencing and phylogenomic resolution within Spalacidae (Rodentia). BMC Genomics, 15: 32 |
| [20] | Liu L P, Zheng S H, Cui N et al., 2013. Myospalacines (Cricetidae, Rodentia) from the Miocene-Pliocene red clay section near Dongwan Village, Qin’an, Gansu, China and the classification of Myospalacinae. Vert PalAsiat, 51: 211-241 |
| [21] | Liu L P, Zheng S H, Cui N et al., 2014. Rootless myospalacines from Upper Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene of Wenwanggou section, Lingtai, Gansu. Vert PalAsiat, 52: 440-466 |
| [22] | Liu X, Zhang S Z, Cai Z Y et al., 2022. Genomic insights into zokors’ phylogeny and speciation in China. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 119: e2121819119 |
| [23] | Luo Z X, Chen W, Gao W et al., 2000. Fauna Sinica Mammalia, Vol. 6. Rodentia Part III: Cricetidae. Bejing: Science Press. 1-522 |
| [24] | Lyon M W, 1907. Notes on a small collection of mammals from the province of Kan-su, China. Smithson Misc Coll, 50: 133-138 |
| [25] | Mason M J, Lai F W S, Li J G et al., 2010. Middle ear structure and bone conduction in Spalax, Eospalax, and Tachyoryctes Mole-Rats (Rodentia: Spalacidae). J Morphol, 271: 462-472 |
| [26] | McKenna M C, Bell S K, 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. 1-631 |
| [27] | Miller G S, Gidley J W, 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. J Wash Acad Sci, 8: 431-448 |
| [28] | Milne-Edwards M A, 1867. Observations sur quelgues mammiféres du Nord de la Chine. Ann Sci Nat Zool, 7: 375-377 |
| [29] | Musser G G, Carleton M D, 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. In: Wilson D E, Reeder D A M eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 894-1531 |
| [30] | Ni X J, Flynn J J, Wyss A R, 2012. Imaging the inner ear in fossil mammals: high-resolution CT scanning and 3-D virtual reconstructions. Palaeontol Electron, 15: 18A |
| [31] | Norris R W, 2017. Family Spalacidae (muroid mole-rats). In: Wilson D E, Lacher T E, Mittermeier R A eds. Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 7. Rodents II. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 108-143 |
| [32] | Norris R W, Zhou K Y, Zhou C Q et al., 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 31: 972-978 |
| [33] | Pavlenko M V, Tsvirka M V, Korablev V P et al., 2015. Distribution of zokors (Rodentia, Spalacidae, Myospalacinae) in Eastern Russia based on genetic and morphological analysis. Achiev Life Sci, 8: 89-94 |
| [34] | Pavlinov J Y, Rossolimo O L, 1987. Systematics of the mammals of the USSR. In: Sokolov V Y ed. Study of the Faunas of the Soviet Union. Moscow: Moscow State University Press. 1-285 |
| [35] | Qin C, Wang Y, Liu S Z et al., 2021. First discovery of fossil Episiphneus (Myospalacinae, Rodentia) from Northeast China. Quat Int, 591: 59-69 |
| [36] | Qiu Z D, 1996. Middle Miocene Micromammalian Fauna from Tunggur, Nei Mongol. Beijing: Science Press. 1-216 |
| [37] | Qiu Z D, Li C K, Zheng S H et al., 2020. Palaeovertebrata Sinica, Vol. III, Fasc 5(2). Beijing: Science Press. 1-535 |
| [38] | Qiu Z X, Qiu Z D, Deng T et al., 2013. Chapter 1. Neogene land mammal stages/ages of China. In: Wang X M, Flynn L J, Fortelius M eds. Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. New York: Columbia University Press. 29-90 |
| [39] | Simpson G G, 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 85: 1-350 |
| [40] | Su J H, Ji W H, Wang J et al., 2014. Phylogenetic relationships of extant zokors (Myospalacinae) (Rodentia, Spalacidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitochondria DNA, 25: 135-141 |
| [41] | Teilhard de Chardin P, Young C C, 1931. Fossil mammals from the Late Cenozoic of Northern China. Palaeontol Sin, Ser C, 9: 1-88 |
| [42] | Thomas O, 1896. On the genera of rodents: an attempt to bring up to date the current arrangement of the order. Proc Zool Soc Lond, 64: 1012-1028 |
| [43] | Thomas O, 1911a. New rodents from Sze-chwan collected by Capt. F. M. Bailey. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 8: 727-729 |
| [44] | Thomas O, 1911b. Three new rodents from Kan-su. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 8: 720-723 |
| [45] | Topachevskii V A, 1969. Fauna of the USSR: Mammals Mole Rats, Spalacidae. Leningrad: Nauka Publishers. 1-308 |
| [46] | Tsvirka M V, Pavlenko M V, Korablev V P, 2011. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the zokor subfamily Myospalacinae (Rodentia, Muridae) inferred from RAPD-PCR. Russ J Genet, 47: 205-215 |
| [47] | Tullberg T, 1899. Ueber das System der Nagethiere: eine phylogenetische Studie. Uppsala: Akademische Buchdruckerei. 1-514 |
| [48] | Wang B Y, Qiu Z X, 2018. Late Miocene Pararhizomyines from Linxia Basin of Gansu, China. Palaeontol Sin, New Ser C, 31: 1-271 |
| [49] | Wei F W, Yang Q S, Wu Y et al., 2022. Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China. Beijing: Science Press. 1-622 |
| [50] | Wilson D E, Reeder D A M, 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1-2142 |
| [51] | Xia L, Yang Q S, Ma Y et al., 2006. A guide to the measurement of mammal skull III: Rodentia and Lagomorpha. Chinese J Zool, 41: 68-71 |
| [52] | Yang Q S, Xia L, Ma Y et al., 2005. A guide to the measurement of mammal skull I: basic measurement. Chinese J Zool, 40: 50-56 |
| [53] | Zhang T, Lei M L, Zhou H et al., 2022. Phylogenetic relationships of the zokor genus Eospalax (Mammalia, Rodentia, Spalacidae) inferred from whole genome analyses, with description of a new species endemic to Hengduan Mountains. Zool Res, 43: 331-342 |
| [54] | Zhang T Z, Nevo E, Tang L Z et al., 2012. Plateau zokors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau follow Bergmann’s rule latitudinally, but not altitudinally. Mamm Biol, 77: 108-112 |
| [55] | Zheng S H, 1994. Classification and evolution of the Siphneidae. In: Tomida Y, Li C K, Setoguchi T eds. Rodent and Lagomorph Families of Asian Origins and Diversification. Tokyo: National Science Museum Monographs. 57-76 |
| [56] | Zheng S H, 1997. Evolution of the Mesosiphneinae (Siphneidae, Rodentia) and environmental change. In: Tong Y S, Zhang Y Y, Wu W Y eds. Evidence for Evolution-Essays in Honor of Prof Chungchien Young on the Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 137-150 |
| [57] | Zheng S H, Zhang Z Q, Cui N, 2004. On some species of Prosiphneus (Siphneidae, Rodentia) and the origin of Siphneidae. Vert PalAsiat, 42: 297-315 |
| [58] | Zheng S H, Zhang Y Q, Cui N, 2024. Fossil Arvicolidae and Myospalacinae of China. Palaeontol Sin, New Ser C, 32: 1-476 |
| [59] | Zou Y, Xu M, Ren S E et al., 2020. Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationship of zokors. J Genet, 99: 38 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |