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Table 3 Estimated body masses for the Haritalyangar suoids based on regressions of Legendre (
1989
) and Damuth (
1990
) (kg)
Fig. 3
New material of
Yunnanochoerus dangari
from Haritalyangar
A-D. HTA-154, left mandible with m2-m3: A. occlusal view; B. interpretive drawing; C. lingual view; D. buccal view. Scale bar equals 1 cm. See
Fig. 2
for abbreviations
Fig. 2
New material of
Propotamochoerus hysudricus
and
Hippopotamodon sivalense
from Haritalyangar
A-H.
Propotamochoerus hysudricus
: A. HTA-8a, right mandible with p4-m3 (p2-p3 not displayed); B. HTA-8b, left mandible with p2-m3; C. HTA-42a, left maxilla with P3-M3; D. HTA-42b, right maxilla with P4-M3; E. HTA-140a, right maxilla with M2-M3; F. HTA-140b, right maxilla with M1-M3; G, H. left dp4, HTA-7 (G) and interpretive drawing (H); I, J.
Hippopotamodon sivalense
, right dp4, HTA-63 (I) and interpretive drawing (J). All specimens are figured in occlusal view. Scale bars equal 1 cm Abbreviations: E. entoconid; EnPa. endoparaconulid; H. hypoconid; Hul. hypoconulid; M. metaconid; Mes. mesoconulid; P. protoconid; Pa. paraconid; Pprm. preprimonid; Prm. primonid
Table 2 Permanent lower teeth measurements of the new suoid material from Haritalyangar, India (mm)
Table 1 Upper teeth measurements of the new suoid material from Haritalyangar, India (mm)
Fig. 1
Map of the region of Haritalyangar showing the localities that yielded fossil suoids
The hominoid and proboscidean bearing localities are also indicated. Suoid Localities: 1. Ghori S; 2. Kutla/Karan E; 6. Kherin W; 10. Dholkhana lower; 11. Dholkhana Upper; 14. Barog S/Cap-Ridge; 19. Hari mid Scarp; 23. Dangar East (Dhagiala); 26. Targhel SW. Dashed lines: limits between the formations (modified after Johnson et al.,
1983
); B. Boulder Conglomerate; L. ‘Lower Alternations’ (=equivalent to the Nagri Fm. of the Siwaliks of Pakistan); N. Nahan Formation (=equivalent to the Chinji Fm. of the Siwaliks of Pakistan); U. ‘Upper Alternations’ (= equivalent to the Dhok Pathan Fm. of the Siwaliks of Pakistan)
Fig. 6
Ratio diagram of dentition widths of different camels, plotted against Dalian specimens (reference 0)
Data source: as in Tables 1 & 2; R&S. Razdorskaya and Sengiley
Fig. 5
Ratio diagram of dentition lengths of different camels, plotted against Dalian specimens (reference 0)
Data source: as in Tables 1 & 2; R&S. Razdorskaya and Sengiley
Fig. 4
Palatal comparison between Dalian specimen and related camels (not to scale)
A.
Camelus knoblochi
(Titov,
2008
); B.
Paracamelus gigas
(Zdansky,
1926
); C.
P. gigas
(DLJ168001); D.
C. ferus
(c/o705); E.
C. dromedarius
(ov25) Abbreviations: Ch. choana; M3. upper third molar; P. palatine foramen; Pf. palatine fossa; S. suture between palate and maxilla
Table 2 Measurements of lower teeth of Dalian specimen and comparison (mm)
Fig. 3
The right mandibular fragment with broken m2 and complete m3 (DLJ1610-04) of
Paracamelus gigas
from Jinyuan Cave, Dalian
Table 1 Measurements of upper teeth of Dalian specimen and comparison (mm)
Fig. 2
Broken skull (DLJ168001) of
Paracamelus gigas
from Jinyuan Cave, Dalian
A. dorsal view; B. ventral view
Fig. 1
The broken skull (DLJ168001) of
Paracamelus gigas
from Jinyuan Cave, Dalian
A. left lateral view; B. right lateral view
Table 2 Mandibular measurements of “Choerolophodon” connexus, Gnathabelodon thorpei and Gomphotherium tassyi (mm)
Table 1 Cheek teeth measurements of “Choerolophodon” connexus and Gnathabelodon thorpei (mm)
Fig. 3
Cheek teeth of “
Choerolophodon
”
connexus
and
Gnathabelodon
A. “
Choerolophodon
”
connexus
, left m2 and m3, IVPP V8567; B. “
C.
”
connexus
, left m2 and m3, IVPP RV35015; C. “
C
.”
connexus
, right m2, IVPP V31357, from Halamagai Formation, Ulungur region; D.
Gnathabelodon thorpei
, left m2 and m3, FHSU VP18, type specimen; E. “
C.
”
connexus
, right M3, IVPP V8572, from Halamagai Formation, Ulungur region; F. “
C
.”
connexus
, left M3, IVPP RV35D49(cast of PMU-M 3045), from Diaogou, Xining Basin; G.
Gn. thorpei
, right M3, FHSU VP18 Abbreviations: li. lingual side; me. mesial side
Fig. 2
Mandible of “
Choerolophodon
”
connexus
and
Gnathabelodon
, in comparison with
Gomphotherium
A, B, G, K, O, Q. “
Choerolophodon
”
connexus
, IVPP V8567, from Halamagai Formation, Ulungur region: A. the original photo in Chen (
1988
:pl. 2, fig. 1); C, F, J, N. “
C
.”
connexus
, IVPP RV35015 (cast of the type specimen, PMU-M 3469), from Diaogou, Guanjiashan Formation (formerly Xianshuihe Formation), Xining Basin; D, H, L, P.
Gnathabelodon thorpei
, FHSU VP18, type specimen, from Ogallah, Kansas, U.S.A., late Clarendonian; note that the distal end of the mandibular symphysis is repaired by plaster; E, I, M.
Gomphotherium tassyi
, IVPP V22781, from Heijiagou, upper part of Zhangenbao Formation, Zhongning Region A-E. in dorsal view, showing the deep symphyseal groove and long or moderate distance bewteen the distal end of symphysis and the anterior end of the cheek tooth row; F-I. in left lateral view, showing the tube-like anterior mental foramen; J-M. in right medial view, showing long or moderate distance bewteen the distal end of symphysis and the anterior end of the cheek tooth row, as well as the thin distal end of symphysis; note that K-M were cut along the middle sagital plan from 3D models; N-Q. in distal view, showing the large mandibular channel (N), and thin bony wall of distal symphysis (P, Q); note that O (“
C.
”
connexus
, IVPP V8567) was cut from the same position as N (type), which has been broken. Abbreviations: amf. anterior mental foramen; i2. the second lower incisor (mandibular tusk); m2, 3. the second, third lower molar; mc. mandibular channel; rem. inc. alv. remnant of incisor alvoelus; st. symphyseal trough; thick/thin dis. sym. thick/thin distal symphysis; vas. imp. vascular impression for facial artery and vein. Scale bars without notations equal to 20 cm
Fig. 1
Terminology and measurements of gomphothere molars
A. left m3 of “
Choerolophodon
”
connexus
, denoting the terminology of tooth crown; green color, pretrite crescentoids; blue color, pretrite central conules; B. molar crown measurements; C. molar height measurements. Abbreviations: L. length; H. height; Hpo. height of the posttrite side; Hpr. height of the pretrite side; W. width; W1, 2, …, 5. width of the 1st, 2nd, …, 5th loph(id)
Appendix Scores of character states for the holotype of
Austronaga minuta
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