内蒙古乌兰塔塔尔地区早渐新世梳趾鼠类头骨新材料

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200413

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

记述了4件采自内蒙古乌兰塔塔尔早渐新世地层的近乎完整的、上下颌咬合在一起的梳趾鼠类头骨化石,基于牙齿特征将新材料归于乌兰塔塔尔丘齿鼠(Bounomys ulantatalensis Huang, 1985)。乌兰塔塔尔丘齿鼠与始新世梳趾鼠类钟健鼠(Cocomys)及外鼠(Exmus)相比,在头骨整体形态,门齿孔、眶下孔、蝶腭孔、听泡的大小,后鼻孔、泪孔、眶后突的位置,顶骨及外耳道的形态,下颌骨齿隙长短等方面有明显差别;与渐新世及以后的梳趾鼠类的头骨特征整体相似。通过对梳趾鼠类头骨特征的对比,认为从始新世至渐新世,梳趾鼠类颧-咬结构由始啮型转为豪猪型,咬合能力增强,更有利于处理粗糙的食物;听泡膨大,使得其更适应开阔环境。头骨上的这些变化可能是对始新世-渐新世转折期后全球气候干旱化的一种适应。

关键词: 乌兰塔塔尔, 渐新世, 梳趾鼠类, 头骨形态, E-O转折

Key words: Ulantatal, Oligocene, ctenodactyloids, morphology of skull, E-O transition

中图分类号:

Q915.873

徐冉成, 李茜. 内蒙古乌兰塔塔尔地区早渐新世梳趾鼠类头骨新材料. 古脊椎动物学报, 2020, 58(4): 305-327.

XU Ran-Cheng, LI Qian. New skulls of ctenodactyloids from the Early Oligocene of Ulantatal, Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2020, 58(4): 305-327.

图/表 11

Fig. 1 Google map showing the four sections in the Ulantatal gulley bbreviations: KK. Kekeamu section 克克阿木剖面;SJ. Shangjing section 上井剖面;SZT. Shaozengtu section 稍增图剖面;UTM. Ulantatal Main Section 乌兰塔塔尔主剖面(After Zhang et al., 2016)

Fig. 2 Skull of Bounomys ulantatalensis (IVPP V 26128) from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views Abbreviations: as. alisphenoid 翼蝶骨; bo. basioccipital 基枕骨; bs. basisphenoid 基蝶骨; eac. external acoustic canal 外耳道; ec. ectotympanic 外鼓骨; eo. exoccipital 外枕骨; eoc. external occipital crest 枕外嵴; ere. epitympanic recess eminence 鼓上隐窝隆起; fm. foramen magnum 枕骨大孔; fr. frontal 额骨; fsa. foramen for stapedial artery 镫骨动脉孔; hf. hypoglossal foramen 舌下神经孔; I2. upper second incisor 上第二门齿; ica. foramen for internal carotid artery 颈内动脉孔; inf. incisive foramen 门齿孔; iof. infraorbital foramen 眶下孔; ip. interparietal 间顶骨; ips. foramen for inferior petrosal sinus 岩下窦沟孔; jf. jugular foramen 颈静脉孔; ju. jugal 颧骨; lac. lacrimal 泪骨; me. mastoid exposure 岩骨乳突暴露部; mipf. minor palatine foramen 小腭孔; mpf. major palatine foramen 大腭孔; msf. masticatory foramen 咬肌神经孔; mx. maxilla 上颌骨; na. nasal 鼻骨; nc. nuchal crest 项嵴; oc. occipital condyle 枕髁; pa. parietal 顶骨; pal. palatine 腭骨; pcp. paracondylar process 髁旁突; pmx. premaxilla 前颌骨; pop. postorbital process 眶后突; ps. presphenoid 前蝶骨; pt. pterygoid 翼骨; ptf. pterygoid fossa 翼窝; spv. sphenopalatine vacuity 蝶腭空缺; sq. squamosal 鳞骨, su. supraoccipital 上枕骨; tc. temporal crest 颞嵴

Fig. 3 Skull of Bounomys ulantatalensis (IVPP V 26128) from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol in rostral (A, B) and occipital (C, D) views Abbreviations: ena. external nasal aperture 外鼻孔; zpmx. zygomatic process of maxilla 上颌颧突;other abbreviations see Fig. 2

Fig. 4 Skulls of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A, B. IVPP V 26128 in right lateral view; C, D. V 26125 in left lateral view Abbreviations: bf. buccinator foramen 颊肌神经孔; eam. external acoustic meatus 外耳门; ef. ethmoidal foramina 筛孔; fo. foramen ovale 卵圆孔; lf. lacrimal foramen 泪孔; opc. optic canal 视神经孔; os. orbitosphenoid 眶蝶骨; sof. sphenorbital fissure 蝶眶裂; spf. sphenofrontal foramen 蝶额孔; spl. sphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔; other abbreviations see Figs. 2, 3

Fig. 5 Skulls of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A-E. IVPP V 26125 in dorsal (A), left (reversed) (B), ventral (C), rostral (D), and occipital (E) views; F-I. V 26126 in dorsal (F), right (G), ventral (H), and rostral (I) views; J-M. V 26127 in dorsal (J), right (K), ventral (L) and rostral (M) views

Fig. 6 3D-reconstruction and some CT images of partial structures of the left middle ear of Bounomys ulantatalensis (IVPP V 26127) from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol The yellow model in the center of the picture is the ventral view of the middle ear cavity (some structures that obstruct the observation have been removed) and is surrounded by CT images of different parts of the middle ear cavity. A-A’. the transverse plane through the opening of the auditory tube; B-B’. the transverse plane through the anteromedial shelf; C-C’. the transverse plane through the promontorium; D-D’. the sagittal plane through the promontorium Abbreviations: ad. anterior depression 前凹; ams. anteromedial shelf 前内侧架; aub. auditory bulla 听泡; aut. auditory tube 咽鼓管; coc. cochlear canal 蜗管; eac. external acoustic canal 外耳道; epr. epitympanic recess 鼓上隐窝; prm. promontorium 岬; tmr. tympanic ring 鼓环。Scale bars = 2 mm

Fig. 7 3D-reconstruction of the ossicles of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A. IVPP V 26128, lateral view of left malleus and incus in articular with the head of malleus forward; B. V 26127, posterolateral view of left malleus and anterolateral view of left incus Abbreviations: cb. crus breve 砧骨短脚; cl. crus longum 砧骨长脚; h. head of malleus 锤骨头; i. incus砧骨; lp. lateral process of malleus 锤骨侧突; ma. malleus 锤骨; mn. manubrium 锤骨柄; n. neck of malleus 锤骨颈

Fig. 8 Mandibles of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A. IVPP V 26128 in occlusal view; B. the right mandible of V 26128 in labial view; C. the right mandible of V 26126 in lingual view Abbreviations: an. angular process 角突; cop. condyloid process 髁突; cor. coronoid process 冠状突; i2. lower second incisor 下第二门齿; lptf. lateral pterygoid fossa 翼外肌窝; mac. masseteric crest 咬肌嵴; maf. masseteric fossa 咬肌窝; manf. mandibular foramen 下颌孔; mf. mental foramen 颏孔; mptf. medial pterygoid fossa 翼内肌窝; nf. nutricium foramina 滋养孔; p4. lower fourth premolar下第四前臼齿

Fig. 9 Mandibles of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A, C, E. mandibles of IVPP V 26125 (A), V 26126 (C), V 26127 (E) in occlusal view; B, D, F. the right mandibles of V 26125 (B), V 26126 (D), V 26127 (F) in labial view

Table 1 Comparison of measurements among Bounomys (mm)

		B. ulantatalensis					B. ulantatalensis (Wang, 1997)	B. bohlini (Wang, 1997)
		V 26125	V 26126	V 26127	V 26128	Average	B. ulantatalensis (Wang, 1997)	B. bohlini (Wang, 1997)
P4-M3	L	8.54	8.54	8.12	8.18	8.35	/	6.15-7.30
P4	L	1.4	1.29	1.17	1.38	1.31	1.84	0.98-1.48
	W	1.88	2.07	1.71	1.90	1.89	2.16	1.23-1.97
M1	L	2.09	2.21	2.12	2.08	2.13	2.24-2.56	1.31-1.99
	W	1.96	2.23	2.01	2.08	2.07	2.16-2.53	1.48-2.05
M2	L	2.28	2.42	2.39	2.38	2.37	2.56-2.80	1.64-2.13
	W	2.29	2.58	2.47	2.42	2.44	2.08-2.72	1.56-2.09
M3	L	2.52	2.52	2.46	2.41	2.48	2.24-2.88	1.72-2.16
	W	2.38	2.53	2.37	2.43	2.43	2.45-2.72	1.60-2.05
p4-m3	L	9.07	9.24	8.61	8.55	8.87	9.12-10.08	7.46-7.71
p4	L	1.45	1.49	1.25	1.26	1.36	1.60-1.76	1.48-1.56
	W	1.32	1.41	1.21	1.25	1.30	1.28-1.65	1.31-1.31
m1	L	2.08	2.2	2.27	2.21	2.19	2.32-2.88	1.89-2.01
	W	1.53	1.79	1.82	1.77	1.73	1.76-2.40	1.44-1.56
m2	L	2.52	2.58	2.45	2.55	2.53	2.56-3.36	2.09-2.46
	W	1.95	2.22	2.12	2.13	2.11	2.08-2.61	1.64-1.97
m3	L	2.9	2.9	2.77	2.78	2.84	2.72-3.52	2.13-2.38
	W	1.87	2.14	2.08	2.15	2.06	2.05-2.61	1.56-1.80

Fig. 10 Occlusal view of cheek teeth of Bounomys ulantatalensis from the Ulantatal Formation of Ulantatal area, Alxa Left Banner, Nei Mongol A-D. IVPP V 26125: A. right M1-M3; B. left P4-M3; C. left p4-m3; D. right m1-m3; E-H. V 26126: E. right P4-M3; F. left P4-M3; G. left p4-m3; H. right p4-m3; I-L. V 26127: I. right P4-M3; J. left P4-M3; K. left p4-m3; L. right p4-m3; M-P. V 26128: M. right P4-M3; N. left P4-M3; O. left p4-m3; P. right p4-m3

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